Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Sep 15;232(3):727-734.
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaf183.

Low Levels of Postvaccination Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibodies and Their Correlation With Influenza Protection Among Healthcare Workers During the 2024-2025 A/H1N1 Outbreak in Japan

Shohei Yamamoto  1 , Tetsuya Mizoue  1 , Mugen Ujiie  2 , Kumi Horii  3 , Junko S Takeuchi  4 , Maki Konishi  1 , Wataru Sugiura  5 , Norio Ohmagari  6
Affiliations

Low Levels of Postvaccination Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibodies and Their Correlation With Influenza Protection Among Healthcare Workers During the 2024-2025 A/H1N1 Outbreak in Japan

Shohei Yamamoto et al. J Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: After the prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, during which the seasonal influenza epidemic was suppressed, Japan experienced a record-breaking influenza A/H1N1 outbreak in the 2024-2025 season. This situation also raises a concern about the immunogenicity of the annual inactivated influenza vaccine. This study evaluated postvaccination hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers and their association with influenza infection risk among healthcare workers.

Methods: A serosurvey was conducted among staff at a national medical and research center in Tokyo in December 2024, 1 month after staff received the inactivated influenza vaccine. HI antibody titers against vaccine strains were measured, and participants were followed for influenza infection until January 2025. Seroprotection was defined as an HI titer ≥40. A Cox proportional hazards model assessed the association between HI titers and infection risk among vaccinated participants.

Results: Among 1507 vaccinated participants, only 12.7% had seroprotective HI titers against A/H1N1. Around 90% had no influenza history for at least 4 seasons and had received repeated vaccinations over 2 seasons. Participants with HI titers <40 had a 4-fold higher infection risk than those with titers ≥40. A dose-response association was observed, even within the range below the titer of 40. Relative to titers <10, titers of 10 and 20 conferred 47.3% and 57.9% protection, respectively.

Conclusions: After a prolonged period without a major influenza epidemic, HI titers against A/H1N1 were extremely low in vaccinated healthcare workers. Nonetheless, higher postvaccination HI titers, even at relatively low levels, were associated with protection, supporting the benefit of vaccines.

Keywords: hemagglutination inhibition antibody; influenza; post-COVID-19; protection; vaccination.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources