Immediate effect of ice and dry massage during rest breaks on recovery in MMA fighters : a randomized crossover clinical trial study

Abstract

The MMA fight consists of 5 rounds of 5 min with minimal breaks between the rounds. The exertion load is excessive for the fighters, and the 1-minute breaks give little time for any intervention. This study aimed to examine the acute effects of two methods of regenerative strategies, ice massage and dry massage, and analyze their impact on Reactive Strength Index (RSI - m s^{- 1}), muscles' biomechanical properties: muscle tone (T-Hz), elasticity (E - arb- relative arbitrary unit), stiffness (S - N/m), pressure pain threshold, (PPT - N/cm²), and compare their influence with passive rest. The maximum number of jumps (J - n) treated as an indirect effective measure of the interventions that were conducted was also recorded for each participant in each regenerative strategy. Thirty male MMA fighters took part in the study. Three subgroups of 10 participants (Ice massage, n = 10; dry massage, n = 10; and control, n = 10) were enrolled in the cross-over randomized clinical trial study design. The groups were randomized, and each group underwent each procedure (30 tested in each procedure). Five sets of jumps on a 50 cm box to exhaustion were used as a fatigue protocol with 1-minute breaks. The recovery interventions were performed during the breaks. The statistically significant results revealed in the post-exercise tests: RSI and number of jumps - the lowest decrease was observed in the massage group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001 respectively), the minor increases in T, E and S were also observed in the massage group ((p < 0.0001 for all measurements); the post-exercise PPT was the highest (higher means better) in the Ice group (p < 0.001). In every other parameter, the ice massage group showed slightly worse results than the dry massage group. Responder analysis confirms that the number of jumps profoundly impacted biomechanical variables, leading to increased muscle stiffness and tension, decreased elasticity and force endurance, and heightened pain sensitivity. Obtained results confirm that both dry and ice massage can significantly affect acute recovery following rounds of combat sport-related exertions. The Ice and Massage interventions differed in effectiveness - Massage was the most effective in preventing increases in stiffness and tension and preserving muscle elasticity. At the same time, ice cooling had a lesser impact, particularly on muscle elasticity changes but higher for PPT.

Keywords: Combat sport; Cooling; Mechanotransduction; Myotonometry; Regeneration.

Fig. 1

Study design.

Fig. 2

Ice massage intervention scheme.

Fig. 3

Massage intervention scheme.

Fig. 4

Comparison of changes in the Reactive Strength Index, RSI (m×s^− 1) in the Control, Massage, and Ice groups at rest and post-exercise period.

Fig. 5

Comparison of changes in muscle tension, T (Hz) in the Control, Massage, and Ice groups at rest and post-exercise period.

Fig. 6

Comparison of changes in muscle elasticity, E (arb) in the Control, Massage, and Ice groups at rest and post-exercise.

Fig. 7

Comparison of changes in muscle stiffness, T (N×m^− 1) in the Control, Massage, and Ice groups at rest and post-exercise.

Fig. 8

Comparison of pressure pain threshold, PPT (N×cm^-2) in the Control, Massage, and Ice groups at rest and post-exercise.

Fig. 9

Comparison of changes in the number of jumps performed, J (n), in the Control, Massage, and Ice groups in the first and fifth series.

Fig. 10

Pearson correlation matrix for biomechanical variables assessed after the intervention in the (A) ice group, (B) massage group, and (C) control group.