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. 2025 Apr 10;15(1):12281.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-95528-3.

AMF inoculation reduces yield losses in rice exposed to alternate wetting and drying and low fertilization

Daouda Mbodj  1   2   3   4   5 , Abdala Gamby Diedhiou  6   7   8   9 , Baboucarr Manneh  10   11 , Cheikh Ndiaye  1   2   3 , Laurent Laplaze  12   13   14   15 , Aboubacry Kane  16   17   18   19
Affiliations

AMF inoculation reduces yield losses in rice exposed to alternate wetting and drying and low fertilization

Daouda Mbodj et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the uptake of water and nutrients by host plants. In this study, we examined the response of six rice varieties from two ecotypes (three irrigated and three rainfed upland varieties) to AMF inoculation at five fertilizer levels, under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation over two consecutive years in field conditions. Both irrigated and upland rice varieties experienced significant yield losses with AWD irrigation and reduced NPK fertilizer levels, with irrigated rice being more severely affected. Under AWD irrigation, AMF inoculation mitigated relative yield losses, especially when half of the recommended fertilizer dose was applied. In CF conditions, AMF inoculation often fully compensated for yield losses caused by reduced NPK levels. Furthermore, irrigation regime, fertilizer levels, and ecotype were significant sources of variation in the effects of AMF inoculation on several yield-related traits, such as total biomass, tiller number, panicle number, fertility, and maturity dates. Our findings suggest that AMF inoculation could be integrated with AWD irrigation and/or low NPK inputs to contribute to fertilizer and water savings in both irrigated and upland rice production systems.

Keywords: Alternate wetting and drying; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Fertilizers; Inoculation; Rice.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Grain yield of irrigated and upland ecotype inoculated (InoAMF) or non-inoculated with AMF (NinAMF) under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation at different fertilizer levels (F1 = 00:00:00 kg NPK/ha; F2 = 75:00:30 kg NPK/ha; F3 = 75:30:30 kg NPK/ha; F4 = 150:00:60 kg NPK/ha; F5 = 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha). Different letters indicate significant differences as determined by a Tukey HSD test at the 5% level of significance.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Yield of irrigated (A) and upland (B) rice varieties inoculated (InoAMF) and non-inoculated with AMF (NinAMF) under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation at different fertilizer levels (F1 = 00:00:00 kg NPK/ha; F2 = 75:00:30 kg NPK/ha; F3 = 75:30:30 kg NPK/ha; F4 = 150:00:60 kg NPK/ha; F5 = 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha). Different letters indicate significant differences as determined by a Tukey HSD test at the 5% level of significance.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Relative grain yield losses of irrigated and upland ecotype inoculated (InoAMF) and non-inoculated with AMF (NinAMF) under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation at different fertilizer levels (F1 = 00:00:00 kg NPK/ha; F2 = 75:00:30 kg NPK/ha; F3 = 75:30:30 kg NPK/ha; F4 = 150:00:60 kg NPK/ha; F5 = 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha). The red horizontal line (0%) represents yield reference which corresponds to the grain yield of non-inoculated plants under continuous flooding at recommended dose of NPK (150:60:60 kg NPK/ha).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Relative grain yield losses of irrigated rice varieties inoculated (InoAMF) and non-inoculated with AMF (NinAMF) under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation at different fertilizer levels (F1 = 00:00:00 kg NPK/ha; F2 = 75:00:30 kg NPK/ha; F3 = 75:30:30 kg NPK/ha; F4 = 150:00:60 kg NPK/ha; F5 = 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha). The red horizontal line (level 0%) represents yield reference which corresponds to the grain yield of non-inoculated plants under continuous flooding at recommended dose of NPK (150:60:60 kg NPK/ha).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Relative grain yield losses of upland rice varieties inoculated (InoAMF) and non-inoculated with AMF (NinAMF) under continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation at different fertilizer levels (F1 = 00:00:00 kg NPK/ha; F2 = 75:00:30 kg NPK/ha; F3 = 75:30:30 kg NPK/ha; F4 = 150:00:60 kg NPK/ha; F5 = 150:60:60 kg NPK/ha). The red horizontal line (0%) represents yield reference which corresponds to the grain yield of non-inoculated plants under continuous flooding at recommended dose of NPK (150:60:60 kg NPK/ha).
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