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. 2025 Apr 10;25(1):207.
doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-03866-z.

Enhancing spinach growth with a biofertilizer derived from chicken feathers using a keratinolytic bacterial consortium

Iqra Saleem  1 , Wajeeha Asad  2 , Tabbasum Kiran  1   3 , Sabahat Binte Asad  4 , Sana Khaliq  1 , Amira Ali Mohammed Al-Harethi  5 , L O Mallasiy  6 , Tawaf Ali Shah  7
Affiliations

Enhancing spinach growth with a biofertilizer derived from chicken feathers using a keratinolytic bacterial consortium

Iqra Saleem et al. BMC Microbiol. .

Abstract

This study was conducted to develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly biofertilizer by utilizing chicken feather waste. Two bacterial strains were employed to biotransform the abundant keratin protein in feathers. The keratinolytic bacterial strains used in this study were identified as Bacillus licheniformis MW45 and Bacillus paralicheniformis MW48. The feather hydrolysate was assessed for its effectiveness as a nitrogen fertilizer with slow-release properties. The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates, and statistical analysis, including ANOVA followed by Tukey's test, was used to validate the differences between treatments. The test plant was spinach, and various growth parameters were observed. The growth promotion activity of the produced biofertilizer was compared with a commercially available NPK fertilizer. The results showed that the growth promotion effect of chicken feather hydrolysate was significantly higher than the control and commercially available NPK fertilizer. The feather hydrolysate displayed the highest germination percentage (48%), vigor index (1081.44), number of leaves (17), height (22.53 cm), and weight (3.493 g), compared to the chemical fertilizer's germination percentage (31%), vigor index (714.4), number of leaves (13), height (18.5 cm), and weight (1.904 g). Statistical analysis showed that the fermented chicken feather hydrolysate can be effectively applied as a slow-releasing nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural fields. The novelty of this study lies in the use of a bacterial consortium to transform chicken feathers into high efficiency biofertilizer. This production may not only supports the national economy by increasing crop yield but also contributes to a cleaner and greener Pakistan by recycling feather waste.

Keywords: Biofertilizer; Corncob; Feather waste; Immobilization; Keratin hydrolysate; Keratinase; Spinach plant.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: The study used spinach seeds collected from a local nursery and processed in the laboratory at the Department of Microbiology, according to the guidelines and regulations of the University of Karachi and no additional ethical approval was required for this study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Informed consent: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Statement of human and animal rights: Not applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Keratinase production by B. licheniformis MW45 monoculture and a consortium of B. licheniformis MW45 & B. paralicheniformis MW48 strains using chicken feathers
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Feather Degradation (%) by B. licheniformis MW45 monoculture and a consortium of B. licheniformis MW45 & B. paralicheniformis MW48 strains using chicken feathers
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Nitrogen content (mg/L) of chicken feather hydrolysate by B. licheniformis MW45 monoculture and a consortium of B. licheniformis MW45 & B. paralicheniformis MW48 strains
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Spinach plant with different amendments: (a) control (b) chemical fertilizer (c) keratin hydrolysate
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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