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. 2025 Apr 10;25(1):533.
doi: 10.1186/s12913-025-12614-y.

Paramedic Practitioners within ambulance services: views of Australian policymakers, health professionals, and consumers

Matt Wilkinson-Stokes  1 , Celene Y L Yap  2 , Di Crellin  2 , Ray Bange  3   4 , George Braitberg  2   5 , Marie Gerdtz  2   6
Affiliations

Paramedic Practitioners within ambulance services: views of Australian policymakers, health professionals, and consumers

Matt Wilkinson-Stokes et al. BMC Health Serv Res. .

Abstract

Background: Globally, ambulance services face overwhelming primary and urgent care presentations that they are not structurally or culturally designed to manage efficiently or effectively. One mechanism to meet this consumer demand is the implementation of Paramedic Practitioner models with postgraduate qualifications in primary and urgent care. This study explores interest-holder views on reactive Paramedic Practitioner models within Australian ambulance services.

Methods: A multidisciplinary team representing ambulance services was formed, including paramedicine, nursing, and medicine. A realist lens was adopted, and a qualitative research design using inductive thematic analysis employed. Semi-structured focus groups or interviews were conducted to obtain data from 56 participants. Interest-holders represented included consumers (n = 16), members of parliament (n = 3), government executives (n = 8), industry executives representing emergency medicine, general practice, nursing, and paramedicine (n = 6), ambulance service executives and medical directors (n = 7), researchers (n = 8), and practicing clinicians from paramedicine, nursing, and medicine (n = 8).

Results: Consumers described calling ambulance services for non-emergency complaints as they didn't know if their concern was an emergency or not, not wanting to go to hospital, and wanting someone to listen to them, reassure them, and then quickly solve their problem on the spot: they saw Paramedic Practitioners as aptly meeting this need. Among the healthcare professions, opinions were divided. Most participants were largely unfamiliar with Paramedic Practitioners or the evidence base supporting this model of practice, the concept received widespread support at the clinician level, and a small but avidly dissenting contingent of national policymakers opposed the models. Paramedic Practitioner models were considered to require broad support across the healthcare system to be effective. Policymakers were unsure which outcomes they wanted measured to evaluate models.

Conclusion: This study reports a wide range of interest-holder perspectives on the use of reactive Paramedic Practitioners within Australian ambulance services. Enablers (n = 10) and barriers (n = 10) to efficient and effective Paramedic Practitioner models were identified. Key outcomes of interest (n = 6) were identified, and these may be operationalised in future evaluations of reactive Paramedic Practitioner programs.

Keywords: Ambulance services; Community paramedicine; Emergency medical service; Out-of-hospital; Paramedic Practitioner; Primary health care.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was granted prior to commencement by the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee (Ethics Committee LNR 4A, approval 2023–23714-37714–3). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed, written consent was obtained from all subjects prior to participation. Consent for publication: Not applicable; this study does not publish any identifiable patient information. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
An example of current Paramedic Practitioner scope of practice, and how this relates to Registered Paramedic and Critical Care Paramedic skills. This is not a comprehensive list, and local variations are commonplace
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Proportion of participants by background
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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