Multiple roles of S100P in pan carcinoma: Biological functions and mechanisms (Review)

Abstract

This article examines the multifaceted roles of the S100P gene in pan‑cancer, with the aim of exploring its biological functions and related mechanisms in depth. S100P is a small calcium‑binding protein that recent studies have identified as playing a significant role in the occurrence and progression of various cancers. As research on cancer biomarkers advances, the relationship between S100P expression levels and cancer prognosis, metastasis and invasiveness has garnered increasing attention. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the role of S100P in different cancer types remain elusive and related research is still in the exploratory phase. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the biological functions of S100P, clarifying its signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. This work provides new insights and strategies for targeted therapy and establishes a theoretical basis for subsequent clinical applications. Through this summary, the present review aims to enhance personalized treatment approaches for S100P‑related cancers and strengthen future explorations of S100P.

Keywords: S100P; cancer; diagnosis; molecular mechanism; signaling pathway; therapy.

Figure 1.

S100P signaling pathways associated with proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and EMT in tumors. EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition; miR, microRNA. YAP, yes-associated protein; lncRNA NORAD, long non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage; PGE₂, prostaglandin E₂; EP4, E-type prostanoid receptor 4; Trx-1, thioredoxin-1; PKA, protein kinase A; c-Jun, cellular Jun proto-oncogene; AP-1, activator protein 1; NF-κΒ, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,; SOX9, SRY-Box transcription factor 9; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MEK, MAPK kinase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; TXNIP, thioredoxin interacting protein; Keap1, kelch-like ECH associated protein-1; TRIM27, tripartite motif 27; SIX3, sine oculis homeobox homolog 3; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; Smad4, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; BCL10, B-cell lymphoma 10; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; ATF4, activating transcription factor 4.

Figure 2.

S100P signaling pathways associated with angiogenesis, cell cycle and drug resistance in tumors. LASP-1, LIM and SH3 domain protein 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; LPXN, leupaxin; AKT, protein kinase B; TFF1, trefoil factor 1; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; RAS, rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; MEK, MAPK kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Figure 3.

The functional phenotypic roles of S100P in various tumors. EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition.