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. 2025 Mar 27:16:1556987.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1556987. eCollection 2025.

Recidivism rates of female offenders discharged from forensic psychiatric treatment

Juliane Mayer  1   2 , Viviane Wolf  3 , Ivonne Steiner  2 , Manuela Dudeck  2 , Verena Klein  1 , Judith Streb  2 , Irina Franke  4
Affiliations

Recidivism rates of female offenders discharged from forensic psychiatric treatment

Juliane Mayer et al. Front Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Objective: Recidivism rates comprise an essential component in comprehensive risk assessment and should reflect the specific reference group of the individual being assessed. For female offenders with mental disorders, recidivism rates are nearly nonexistent. The goal of this study is to report offense- and disorder-related recidivism rates for the understudied group of female offenders discharged from forensic psychiatric treatment.

Method: The sample consisted of 525 German patients released from placement orders according to Section 63 (n = 110) or 64 of the German Criminal Code (n = 415), indicating a diagnosis of a serious mental disorder or substance use disorder, respectively. In a retrospective design, we analyzed archived patient files as well as official reconviction records.

Results: With average times at risk of 8.5 and 5.3 years for each placement order, we observed general recidivism rates of 19% and 46%, and violent recidivism rates of 8% and 12%. Offense-related recidivism rates showed high numbers for property offenders, threateners, and arsonists. Disorder-related recidivism rates revealed that a comorbidity of schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder increased the risk of general reoffending eightfold (Exp[B] = 8.167; p = .025), while a comorbid substance use disorder and personality disorder heightened the violent recidivism risk fourfold (Exp[B] = 4.204; p = .029). Subgroup analysis of patients with substance use disorders indicated that treatment dropouts were about three times more likely to recidivate than patients who completed treatment (Exp[B] = 2.863; p <.001).

Conclusion: The results provide rare recidivism data for risk assessment of female offenders with mental disorders and underscore the protective effect of forensic psychiatric treatment, including forensic aftercare, on recidivism.

Keywords: female offenders justice-involved women; forensic psychiatric treatment; mental disorders; recidivism rates; risk assessment; substance use disorders.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Survival functions for general recidivism of patients placed according Sections 63 and 64. Note. Patients who did not recidivate within the time at risk are included as censored cases.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Survival functions for general recidivism of regularly and prematurely discharged patients. Note. Patients who did not recidivate within the time at risk are included as censored cases.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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