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Review
. 2025 Mar 5:23:100924.
doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100924. eCollection 2025 May.

Technological innovations in layperson CPR education - A scoping review

Abigail E Schipper  1 , Charles S M Sloane  2 , Lydia B Shimelis  3 , Ryan T Kim  4
Affiliations
Review

Technological innovations in layperson CPR education - A scoping review

Abigail E Schipper et al. Resusc Plus. .

Abstract

Background: Rapid initiation of CPR is key for survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, making bystander CPR education a key part of the cardiac chain-of-survival. CPR classes continue to include new technologies that enable more widespread and high-fidelity training. We aimed to examine the landscape of technological innovations in layperson CPR training since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We searched Cochrane, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science from database inception to July 2024 for studies. We included articles with layperson CPR classes that included a technological advance, either in the equipment or mode of delivery of education. We focused on studies published after the start of 2020.

Results: Out of 1070 studies screened, 50 met the selection criteria. The primary groups of technology found were extended reality (20), feedback devices (11), asynchronous video instruction (10), tele-education (5), and low-cost CPR manikins (4). These technologies show promise to offer comparable or improved effectiveness compared to traditional options. Several topics may warrant further investigation, such as cognitive load associated with extended reality, the practicality of student-created CPR training devices, and possible interactive effects between technologies.

Conclusion: Future systematic reviews should evaluate the specific learning contexts for which these individual technologies, or combinations of these technologies, may be best suited to guide regulating bodies and CPR instructors in their pedagogical decisions.

Keywords: Education; Extended Reality; Feedback; Layperson; Manikin; Technology; Tele-education.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: “Abigail Schipper reports a relationship with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Heartsafe Program that includes: employment. Charles Sloane reports a relationship with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Heartsafe Program that includes: employment. Lydia Shimelis reports a relationship with Harvard CrimsonEMS CPR Education that includes: funding grants. Ryan Kim reports a relationship with Harvard CrimsonEMS CPR Education that includes: funding grants. Abigail Schipper reports a relationship with Massachusetts Institute of Technology IDEAS Social Innovation Challenge that includes: funding grants. Charles Sloane reports a relationship with Massachusetts Institute of Technology IDEAS Social Innovation Challenge that includes: funding grants. Abigail Schipper reports a relationship with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Eloranta Fellowship that includes: funding grants. Charles Sloane reports a relationship with Massachusetts Institute of Technology Eloranta Fellowship that includes: funding grants. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.”

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Paper inclusion flow chart.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Distribution of Measured Outcomes Across Studies. The bar graph shows the number of studies that assess various components of CPR performance. The most frequently measured were compression depth, compression rate, and chest recoil.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Geographic Distribution of Studies Included in the Review. This map shows the global distribution of the studies reviewed with a color-coded gradient from dark teal, indicating fewer studies, to dark orange, indicating a higer number of studies. Countries presented with grey shading were not represented in the studies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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