The Impact of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Pharmacokinetics and Toxicokinetics: Is a New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Framework Needed?

James D Whitledge^{1

2

3}, Joseph Kennedy^{4

5

6}, C James Watson^{4

7

8}, Carin Malley^{4

7

8}, Karen Simone^{4

8}, Mark Neavyn^{4

7

8}

Affiliations

¹ Northern New England Poison Center, Portland, ME, USA. james.whitledge@uvmhealth.org.
² Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington, VT, USA. james.whitledge@uvmhealth.org.
³ Robert Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA. james.whitledge@uvmhealth.org.
⁴ Northern New England Poison Center, Portland, ME, USA.
⁵ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington, VT, USA.
⁶ Robert Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, MaineHealth Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA.
⁸ Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Editorial

James D Whitledge et al. J Med Toxicol. 2025 Jul.

. 2025 Jul;21(3):301-303.

doi: 10.1007/s13181-025-01075-8. Epub 2025 Apr 11.

James D Whitledge^{1

2

3}, Joseph Kennedy^{4

5

6}, C James Watson^{4

7

8}, Carin Malley^{4

7

8}, Karen Simone^{4

8}, Mark Neavyn^{4

7

8}

¹ Northern New England Poison Center, Portland, ME, USA. james.whitledge@uvmhealth.org.
² Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington, VT, USA. james.whitledge@uvmhealth.org.
³ Robert Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA. james.whitledge@uvmhealth.org.
⁴ Northern New England Poison Center, Portland, ME, USA.
⁵ Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington, VT, USA.
⁶ Robert Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, MaineHealth Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA.
⁸ Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

No abstract available

Keywords: Drug interaction; Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; Pharmacokinetics; Toxicokinetics.

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of Interest: All authors report no conflicts of interest.

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