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. 2025 Apr 11;25(1):1356.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22572-z.

Impact of soil-transmitted helminths infections on anemia burden: a global analysis of children under five and reproductive-age women

Rahayu Lubis  1 , Fauzi Budi Satria  2   3   4 , Rasmaliah Rasmaliah  5 , Jemadi Jemadi  5 , Siti Khadijah Nasution  5 , Rafdzah Ahmad Zaki  6
Affiliations

Impact of soil-transmitted helminths infections on anemia burden: a global analysis of children under five and reproductive-age women

Rahayu Lubis et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Soil-transmitted Helminths (STH) infections and anemia are significant global health threats, particularly affecting children under five and reproductive-age women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established a roadmap to eliminate Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This study analyzes the impact of STH infections on the anemia burden in these populations across 187 countries from 2015 to 2019.

Methods: Following the Systemic Rapid Assessment (SYSRA) framework, this ecological study examines the relationship between STH infections and anemia in children under five and reproductive-age women. Factors considered include Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Index, Water and Sanitation Indicators (SDG 6.1 and 6.2), Government Effectiveness, and Human Development Index (HDI). Paired t-tests assess annual changes in STH infection and anemia prevalence, while Chi-Square and logistic regression tests identify factors associated with anemia prevalence.

Results: From 2015 to 2019, STH infection prevalence decreased significantly, while anemia prevalence fluctuated. STH infections were significantly associated with anemia in children under 5. However, STH infections did not significantly impact anemia prevalence in children under 5 or reproductive-age women. HDI influenced anemia prevalence in children under 5 (OR = 14.17, p < 0.05), while Safe Drinking Water infrastructure (OR = 3.98, p < 0.05) and UHC coverage (OR = 4.09, p < 0.05) influenced anemia prevalence in reproductive-age women.

Conclusion: This study enhances our understanding of the link between STH infections and anemia burden in children under 5 and reproductive-aged women. Findings align with existing literature on reducing disparities in STH infection and anemia prevalence based on socioeconomic factors, specifically for children under 5. Inconsistencies compared to previous studies highlight the need for comprehensive interventions involving health, social, economic, and cultural aspects to address NTDs effectively.

Keywords: Anemia; Children under five; Neglected tropical diseases; Reproductive-age women; Soil-transmitted helminths.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable; no human subjects were used in this study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Conceptual Framework
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The annual changes in prevalence rates (per 100,000 population) of STH infections and Anemia among children under five and reproductive age women in 187 countries from 2015 to 2019
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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