Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Mar 23;25(7):2008.
doi: 10.3390/s25072008.

The Impact of Probe Angle and Swivel Length on Contact Point Identification in Coordinate Measuring Machine Measurements: A Case Study

Tomasz Mazur  1 , Tomasz Szymanski  2 , Waldemar Samociuk  3 , Miroslaw Rucki  4 , Tomasz Ryba  1
Affiliations

The Impact of Probe Angle and Swivel Length on Contact Point Identification in Coordinate Measuring Machine Measurements: A Case Study

Tomasz Mazur et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

This paper presents the results of investigations on the accuracy of contact point identification during coordinate measurement, which is crucial in the context of the Industry 4.0 concept. In particular, the effects of swivel length and probe declination angle during measurement were analyzed. In the experiments, deviations from the expected coordinates (0,0,0) of the contact point were analyzed for different rotational angles of the probing head. It was found that the recommended vertical positioning of the stylus at an angle of A = 0° might have introduced some insignificant errors. Increasing angle A up to 15° generated additional errors of negligible values in comparison with the measurement accuracy of the CMM. However, an increase in angle A up to 90° introduced additional errors as high as 10 μm. This contact point identification error will have a certain effect on the best fitting element and subsequent calculations and on the respective measurement results.

Keywords: accuracy; coordinate measuring machine; error minimization; precision metrology; probing point.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Author Tomasz Szymanski was employed by the company Mitutoyo Polska Sp. z o.o. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The measured object (shaft) in the CMM’s measuring space. A and B denote the rotation angles of the probing head. PCS is the Part Coordinate System described in Section 2.3.1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The probe trees used in the experimental research.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Determination of the Part Coordinate System (PCS): (a) determination of quadrants from the scanned circle; (b) axes of the PCS.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Calibrations and measurements in CNC mode: (a) screenshot of the calibration parameters; (b) measurement procedure of the point (0,0,0).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Results of identification of the (0,0,0) point for different probe trees and rotation angles A for the respective coordinates: (a) X coordinate; (b) Y coordinate; (c) Z coordinate.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Diagram of relative errors Δ depending on the rotation angle A. Explanation of the respective notions of the lines is given in Table 2.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Additional results of the identification of the (0,0,0) point for different rotation angles A for the respective coordinates: (a) X coordinate; (b) Y coordinate; (c) Z coordinate.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Diagram of relative errors Δ for the additional experiments, depending on the rotation angle A.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Schulze F., Dallasega P. Industry 4.0 Concepts and Lean Methods Mitigating Traditional Losses in Engineer-to-Order Manufacturing with Subsequent Assembly On-Site: A Framework. Procedia Manuf. 2020;51:1363–1370. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.10.190. - DOI
    1. Rucki M. Recent Development of Air Gauging in Industry 4.0 Context. Sensors. 2023;23:2122. doi: 10.3390/s23042122. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schmidt R., Möhring M., Härting R.C., Reichstein C., Neumaier P., Jozinović P. Industry 4.0—Potentials for Creating Smart Products: Empirical Research Results. In: Abramowicz W., editor. Business Information Systems. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2015. pp. 16–27. - DOI
    1. Wu K., Xu J., Zheng M. Industry 4.0: Review and proposal for implementing a smart factory. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2024;133:1331–1347. doi: 10.1007/s00170-024-13839-7. - DOI
    1. Wu W., Lu J., Zhang H. Smart Factory Reference Architecture Based on CPS Fractal. IFAC Pap. 2019;52:2776–2781. doi: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.628. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources