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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Apr;21(4):e70135.
doi: 10.1002/alz.70135.

Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yajing Zhou  1 , Rory Sheehan  1 , Lizhi Guo  2 , Andre Strydom  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Yajing Zhou et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), displaying AD pathology similar to the general population. This study evaluated AD-related blood biomarkers in DS within the AT(N) framework through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2017 and October 2024. The meta-analysis focused on plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42, Aβ40, total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, comparing 2109 DS individuals and 1006 euploid controls. Plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, NfL, and GFAP levels were significantly elevated in DS compared to euploid controls, while the Aβ42/40 ratio was reduced. In DS-AD individuals, Aβ42 and t-tau levels were elevated, with p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP consistently high across clinical subgroups. Notably, Aβ40 and the Aβ42/40 ratio changed significantly in preclinical AD, while t-tau increased in clinical AD. Incorporating inflammation (I) markers highlights neuroinflammation's role in DS-AD progression, supporting the blood-based AT(N)I framework for early AD detection and monitoring in DS. HIGHLIGHTS: We reviewed 58 studies on Down syndrome (DS) blood biomarkers and a meta-analysis of 18 using single molecule array. Plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42, Aβ40, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels were elevated in DS compared to controls. DS-Alzheimer's disease (AD) individuals showed higher Aβ42, total tau (t-tau), phosphorylated tau (p-tau)181, NfL, and GFAP levels. Plasma p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP were elevated across all clinical subgroups. Aβ40 and Aβ42/40 ratio changed in preclinical AD; t-tau rose in clinical AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Down syndrome; amyloid; biomarkers; blood; neurodegeneration; neuroinflammation; plasma; tau.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Andre Strydom has received funding from AC Immune and has served as a consultant or advisory board member for ProMIS Neurosciences, Aelis Pharma, Alnylam, and Acta Pharmaceuticals. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author disclosures are available in the supporting information.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flowchart illustrating the study selection and inclusion process. DS, Down syndrome; SIMOA, single molecule array.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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