Guidelines: Basic principles of pain management in acquired brain injury. Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Neurorehabilitation

Abstract

Introduction: We present the guidelines for pain management in neurorehabilitation of brain injury in adults of the Spanish Society of Neurorehabilitation based on the review and analysis of the available literature on the subject. We establish recommendations according to the level of evidence offered by the reviewed studies.

Development: The methodology followed by the Spanish Society of Neurorehabilitation for the elaboration of the present guide is based on the analysis of the national and international clinical practice guidelines of the last seven years, carried out according to the management considerations dictated by the evidence for the usual types of pain in the population of people who have suffered an acquired brain injury.

Conclusions: Pain is a common symptom in patients who have suffered brain damage, having a negative impact on quality of life and adherence to the rehabilitation process. When classifying the type of pain according to etiological characteristics, in order to optimise the type of therapeutic approach, we usually refer to pain as nociceptive, and neuropathic pain, although pain in such patients often has "mixed" characteristics. The most common type of pain is nociceptive ahead of neuropathic. The most common pain syndromes in this population are headache, hemiplegic shoulder pain and poststroke central pain. As pain is a subjective experience, people with impaired level of consciousness, severe cognitive impairment and/or severe language problems may have greater difficulty or even being unable to communicate it. An adequate clinical history and a directed physical examination, as well as the use of specific scales for its correct diagnosis are therefore important. Finally, many of the drugs used for its management have a negative impact on rehabilitation, affecting cognitive processes, and/or worsening other neurological symptoms. Furthermore, these patients often have several comorbidities and are frequently on several drugs which means that the approach to pain management must be carefully elaborated by a multidisciplinary team approach.

Keywords: Acquired brain injury; Daño cerebral sobrevenido; Dolor; Ictus; Neurorehabilitation; Neurorrehabilitación; Pain; Stroke; Traumatic brain injury; Traumatismo craneoencefálico.