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. 2025 Mar 28:10:1535815.
doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2025.1535815. eCollection 2025.

Assessing gender role attributes in native Persian speakers: translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Persian version of the personal attribute questionnaire

Golnoosh Kamyab  1 , Marie-Pierre Gagnon-Girouard  2 , Zoha Deldar  1 , Ladan Ghazi-Saidi  3 , Mathieu Piché  1
Affiliations

Assessing gender role attributes in native Persian speakers: translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Persian version of the personal attribute questionnaire

Golnoosh Kamyab et al. Front Sociol. .

Abstract

The Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) assesses gender roles, including expressivity (femininity) and instrumentality (masculinity), which reflect socially and culturally defined feminine and masculine ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The PAQ allows the assessment of gendered traits, beyond the traditional binary view. With the inclusion of gender-related factors in various research fields, the PAQ has been validated in multiple languages and cultures, including German, Chinese, and French. However, a Persian version has not yet been validated. This study aims to validate and examine the test-retest reliability of the culturally adapted Persian PAQ. A total of 436 native Persian speakers (302 females, 134 males) completed the questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the factorial structure and validity of the Persian PAQ. In addition, test-retest reliability was assessed to ensure its consistency over time. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a two-factor structure, although 'Active' loaded on both factors. The results showed a good fit (RMSEA = 0.070, GFI = 0.91 and AGFI = 0.88), acceptable internal consistency (expressivity: α = 0.70, instrumentality: α = 0.72), and moderate to excellent test-retest reliability for instrumentality (ICC = 0.92) and expressivity (ICC = 0.69). The results indicate that women and younger adults were more likely to show lower expressivity and instrumentality (undifferentiated), or higher expressivity and instrumentality (androgynous) compared with males and older adults, respectively. These findings support the validity and reliability of the Persian PAQ and show that gender role attributes are influenced by sex and age. The Persian PAQ will enable to consider the influence of gender in health, sociology, and psychology research.

Keywords: age; androgyny; expressivity; femininity; instrumentality; masculinity; sex.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Two-factor model of the personal attributes questionnaire with standardized coefficients. All items predominantly load on their respective factors, except for the item “active,” which loads on both factors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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