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Review
. 2025 Mar 28:12:1535650.
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1535650. eCollection 2025.

Canine circovirus: emergence, adaptation, and challenges for animal and public health

Diego Ferreira da Silva  1   2 , Milene Ciola  3 , Verônica de Oliveira Lopes  3 , Débora Rhayanne Medeiros Matias  2 , Tarley Santos Oliveira  2 , Alessandra Marnie Martins Gomes de Castro  2
Affiliations
Review

Canine circovirus: emergence, adaptation, and challenges for animal and public health

Diego Ferreira da Silva et al. Front Vet Sci. .

Abstract

Introduction: Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging pathogen with a significant impact on animal health and potential zoonotic risks. This study addresses its characterization, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnostics, emphasizing its relevance within the One Health approach.

Background: The increasing detection of CanineCV across various species and regions highlights its genetic adaptability and cross-species transmission potential. Furthermore, growing interactions among domestic animals, wildlife, and humans amplify the need to understand its public and animal health implications.

Objective: To analyze the biology, epidemiology, and diagnostic challenges of CanineCV, focusing on its genetic evolution, interactions with co-infections, and implications for control strategies.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, synthesizing data from epidemiological, genomic, and clinical studies. Molecular techniques, such as PCR and qPCR, were evaluated for their efficacy in virus detection and quantification.

Results: Canine circovirus exhibits high genetic variability and has been detected in diverse species and tissues. Co-infections, including parvovirus and adenovirus, exacerbate clinical signs, primarily gastrointestinal, and respiratory. Advances in diagnostics, such as real-time PCR and in situ hybridization, have demonstrated increased sensitivity in viral detection.

Conclusion: Canine circovirus poses a growing challenge to animal health and a potential threat to public health due to its genetic plasticity and adaptability to multiple hosts. Continuous research is essential to understand its pathogenesis, develop effective control measures, and mitigate risks in diverse ecosystems.

Keywords: CanineCV; Circoviridae; Porcine circovirus; emerging; pig disease; public health.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of the CanineCV genome. Information on open reading frames [ORF1, ORF2, ORF3; (8, 19, 20)].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of the CanineCV replication cycle (–26).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Global distribution of CanineCV detection across various species.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic representation of potential occurrence CanineCV transmission route across different species is a potential occurrence based on the available literature. Indicates possibility of transmission that may have started in the peridomestic or wild environment indicates a remote possibility of transmission (9, 50).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Overall prevalence (%) of clinical signs in dogs infected with CanineCV 3 based on consulted literature.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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