Biomarkers of heavy metals pollution in mangrove ecosystems: Comparative assessment in industrial impact and conservation zones

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination from industrial activities in coastal regions can lead to pollution in mangrove ecosystems. Mangroves produce antioxidant compounds to mitigate the impact of free radicals. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cu and antioxidant activity in Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha mangroves from areas affected by industrial activities and conservation areas, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia. This study was conducted in September 2023 with sampling locations in the Payung Island area and the Barong River conservation area, Berbak Sembilang National Park. The samples taken included sediment and mangrove leaves. The concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cu was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Antioxidant activity test using the DPPH test, total phenol using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and phytochemical profile screening using GCMS. Statistical analysis of the correlation between antioxidant activity and heavy metal concentration using the Pearson correlation. The results showed that the highest concentration of heavy metals in sediment and mangrove leaves was found in the area affected by industrial activity, with a range of Pb values of 0.67 ± 0.16-18.70 ± 0.48 mg/kg and Cu values of 3.39 ± 0.20-6.07 ± 0.37 mg / kg. The results of sediment pollution assessment for heavy metals Pb and Cu at Igeo < 0 indicates uncontaminated, 1 < Cf < 3 indicates low contamination, and PLI 0-2 indicates not polluted. While the results of heavy metal bioaccumulation in leaves were BCF < 1, indicates low bioaccumulation. E. agallocha leaves from the Pulau Payung area showed very strong antioxidant activity of 21.63 μg/ml, and the highest total phenol content reached 398.80 mg GAE/g. Analysis of compounds with the highest antioxidant activity identified the presence of esters, aldehydes, alcohols, fatty acids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Correlation analysis shows that higher heavy metal concentrations correspond to increased antioxidant activity and total phenol content (r ≠ 0). These findings are expected to contribute to scientific knowledge that enhances environmental sustainability, supporting effective management of coastal natural resources.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Conservation zones; Heavy metals; Industrial activities; Mangrove.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Map of sample collection.

Fig. 2

Leaves description. A-B). A. alba, C-D). E. agallocha.

Fig. 3

Classifications of sediment type with shepard triangle method.

Fig. 4

Sediment quality indices. A). Bioconcentration factor (BCF), B). Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), C). Contamination factor (Cf), and D). Pollution load index (PLI).

Fig. 5

GC-MS chromatogram of bioactive compounds in mangrove leaves E. agallocha (Industry area).