Propolis nanoemulsion extract from celebes stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi) phytochemistry and antibacterial analysis to periodontopathogen bacteria

Abstract

Background: Propolis from Sulawesi's stingless bees (Tetragonula biroi) contains antioxidants, more flavonoids than propolis from Apis bees, and the antibacterial ability.

Objective: to examine the antibacterial properties of Propolis Nanoemulsion Extract (PNE), which is extracted from the Celebes Stingless Bee (T. biroi), in relation to the periodontopathogen bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Provotella intermedia (Pi). This investigation also examines PNE's phytochemistry, particle size analysis (PSA), and zeta potential.

Methods: The maceration process with 96 % ethanol was used to create PNE from Celebes stingless bee (T. biroi), which was then subjected to zeta potential measurement and PSA. Phytochemical analysis was used to identify phytochemical constituents in the PNE (T. biroi). Diffusion zone, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to assess antibacterial efficacy against Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn. Furthermore, the statistical analysis was used to extract the data.

Results: Phenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids were identified; however, triterpenoids and saponins were not. Between 151.28 and 182.2 diameter nanometers (d.nm) was the range of the PNE's diameter. At 1.56 % propolis (T. biroi) concentration, the MIC, MBC, and diffusion zone analysis performed better than at 0.76 %, with a significant difference (p:0.01; p < 0.05) to Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn.

Conclusions: The highest antibacterial activity against Aa, Pg, Pi, and Fn as periodontopathogen bacteria is demonstrated by alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols in PNE from Celebes (T. biroi) at a concentration of 1.56 %.

Keywords: Antibacterial; Communicable disease; Infectious disease; Medicine; Periodontal disease.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

(A) Stingless Bee Propolis (T. biori) Nanoemulsion Phytochemistry analysis and (B) Particle Size Analyzer 1 % PNE has a size of 151.28 dnm and 182.2 dnm.

Fig. 2

Antibacterial activity of 1 % PNE against Aa at concentration 1.56 %. (A): MIC of Aa. (B): MBC of Aa. (C): Diffusion zone of Aa. Bar data chart of (D) MIC of Aa; (E) MBC of Aa; (F) Diffusion zone of Aa. Description: significant different at ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Fig. 3

Antibacterial activity of 1 % PNE against Pg at concentration 1.56 %. (A): MIC of Pg. (B): MBC of Pg. (C): Diffusion zone of Pg. Bar data chart of (D) MIC of Pg; (E) MBC of Pg; (F) Diffusion zone of Pg. Description: significant different at ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Fig. 4

Antibacterial activity of 1 % PNE against Fn at concentration 1.56 %. (A): MIC of Fn. (B): MBC of Fn. (C): Diffusion zone of Fn. Bar data chart of (D) MIC of Fn; (E) MBC of Fn; (F) Diffusion zone of Fn. Description: significant different at ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Fig. 5

Antibacterial activity of 1 % PNE against Pi at concentration 1.56 %. (A): MIC of Pi. (B): MBC of Pi. (C): Diffusion zone of Pi. Bar data chart of (D) MIC of Pi; (E) MBC of Pi; (F) Diffusion zone of Pi. Description: significant different at ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.001.