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Review
. 2025 Mar 1;17(3):e310-e323.
doi: 10.4317/jced.62519. eCollection 2025 Mar.

Association Between Alzheimer's Disease and Periodontal Inflammatory Parameters: A Systematic Review

Adriana Melo  1 , Javier Flores-Fraile  2 , Roberto Lo Giudice  3 , Enrico Marchetti  4 , José Nart  5 , Alice Rose Greethurst  1 , Francisco Real-Voltas  1 , Francesco Tarallo  3 , Cosimo Galletti  6
Affiliations
Review

Association Between Alzheimer's Disease and Periodontal Inflammatory Parameters: A Systematic Review

Adriana Melo et al. J Clin Exp Dent. .

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the current evidence of the potential correlation between periodontitis inflammatory parameters and Alzheimer's Disease (AD).

Material and methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic literature searches in PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Scopus (ELSEVIER), Cochrane Library (Wiley) and Grey Library were conducted to analyze relevant references. Eligibility was based on inclusion criteria which included cross-sectional studies published after 2012.The rationale for selecting this temporal framework was grounded in the availability of studies from this period that aligned with the objectives and parameters of the review Authors independently selected the studies and extracted the data. Quality assessment was conducted under the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The outcome variables were objectives, demographics, risks factors, dental statement, Pathogens, and conclusions.

Results: The technique used was the comparison, pooling and study of different case studies (considered, or not, significant and/or representative). Out of 564 potentially eligible articles, 5 cross-sectional articles were included based on specific inclusion criteria such as being published after 2012, alignment with the study objectives, and focusing on Alzheimer's disease and periodontal inflammatory parameters. All five studies highlight a higher prevalence of AD in women that increases in age. While four studies supported connection between AD and periodontal inflammatory parameters, one study found no plausible association. The quality assessment displayed a mean score of 10.8 (Range: 0 to 13), being the domain "selection" the highest ranked and the "comparability" the lowest.

Conclusions: Despite some conflicting studies, most suggest a positive correlation between PD and AD, highlighting the necessity for further clinical and longitudinal research. Also, patients with AD exhibit poorer oral hygiene, which contributes to PD, emphasizing the need for comprehensive dental care. Factors such as genetics, lifestyle and age play a significant role in this association. Key words:Alzheimer's disease, Cytokines, Gingipains, Periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Search strategy flowchart.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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