Menopause: an opportunity to optimize health and well being for people with HIV

Abstract

Purpose of review: Menopause, defined as 12 months without menstruation, is a complex biopsychosocial transition. This review synthesizes current knowledge on menopause in individuals living with HIV, highlighting its clinical significance, research gaps, and approaches for optimizing care.

Recent findings: Women and people with ovaries with HIV may experience menopause earlier, and with more severe vasomotor, mood, and musculoskeletal symptoms compared to people without HIV. Increasing severity of symptoms is associated with reduced quality of life and poorer engagement in HIV care. Additionally, estrogen depletion combined with HIV increases the risk of cardiometabolic disease and osteoporosis. Biomarkers like AMH have shown promise for assessing ovarian reserve in this population, but current evidence remains inconclusive. Menopause remains under-recognized in HIV care, with low rates of menopausal hormone therapy use and limited provider confidence in menopause management.

Summary: Addressing menopause in people with HIV is vital for improving quality of life, supporting engagement in HIV care, and reducing comorbidity risk. Integrated and holistic care models, peer support, and focused research are essential to meet the needs of this growing population and close existing gaps in care.

Keywords: HIV; ageing; comorbidities; menopause; women's health.

Box 1

no caption available

FIGURE 1

Number of publications/year on (i) HIV and menopause and (ii) HIV and menopause vs. HIV and pregnancy (based on PubMed search 10/03/25). (i) Number of publications on HIV and menopause, 2000–2025. (ii) Number of publications on HIV and menopause vs. HIV and pregnancy, 2000–2025.