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Review
. 2025 Sep;13(5):1547-1561.
doi: 10.1007/s43390-025-01086-z. Epub 2025 Apr 16.

Enabling technology in adult spinal deformity

Jordan Lebovic  1 , Matthew S Galetta  2 , Zeeshan M Sardar  3 , Michael Goytan  4 , Alan H Daniels  5 , Firoz Miyanji  6 , Justin S Smith  7 , Douglas C Burton  8 , Themistocles S Protopsaltis  1 ; S. R. S. Safety, Value Committee
Affiliations
Review

Enabling technology in adult spinal deformity

Jordan Lebovic et al. Spine Deform. 2025 Sep.

Abstract

This review analyzes enabling technology in Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD), with a focus on optimizing safety and teaching. The prevalence of ASD is rising, and recent technological advancements can empower surgeons to improve outcomes for ASD patients but also each comes with specific challenges. The paper highlights opportunities and potential obstacles in effective technology integration and assesses key enabling technologies, including surgical planning software, machine leaning, three-dimensional printing, augmented and virtual reality, patient-specific instrumentation as well as navigation and robotics.

Keywords: Adult spinal deformity; Advancing technology; Machine learning; Navigation and robotics; Three-dimensional printing.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Conflict of interest: Protopsaltis, Themistocles: Consulting: Globus, Medtronic; Royalties: Altus; Stock: OnPoint Surgical; Institutional research support: Globus, Medtronic. Sardar, Zeeshan: Consulting: Medtronic. Daniels, Alan: Consulting: Orthofix, Inc., Spineart, Stryker, Medtronic, Altec; Royalties: Medtronic, Spineart. Miyanji, Firoz: Board of Directors: Scoliosis Research Society; Consulting: DePuy Synthes Spine, Orthopediatrics, Bioventis, ZimVie; Royalties: ZimVie; Institutional research support: Setting Sciolosis Straight Foundation, Deupy. Smith, Justin: Consulting: Highridge, SeaSpine, Medtronic, Carlsmed, Cerapedics; Royalties: Globus, Highridge; Stock: Globus, Carlsmed, Alphatec; Institutional Grants/Research and Fellowship Support: NREF, AOSpine, SeaSpine, ISSGF. Burton, Douglas: Board of Directors: International Spine Study Group, Scoliosis Research Society; Consulting: Globus, Depuy Spine; Research Support: Depuy, International Spine Study Group, Royalties: Blue Ocean Spine, Globus; Stock Ownership: Progenerative Medical, Scoliosis Research Society (Non-financial). All potential conflicts of interest have been appropriately listed. Compliance of ethical standards: There was involvement of human and animal participants in the creation of this manuscript.

References

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