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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Mar 17:47:e-rbgo3.
doi: 10.61622/rbgo/2025rbgo3. eCollection 2025.

Low-level laser therapy for nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analysis

Maria Victória Candida Gaitero  1 , Ticiana Aparecida Alves de Mira  1 , Edna Jéssica Lima Gondim  1 , Simony Lira do Nascimento  2 , Fernanda Garanhani Surita  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Low-level laser therapy for nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding: systematic review and meta-analysis

Maria Victória Candida Gaitero et al. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. .

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on nipple trauma and pain during breastfeeding through a systematic review with a meta-analysis of selected studies.

Source of the data: A thorough search was conducted on March 22, 2022, using the databases PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, PEDro, CINAHL, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Clinical Trials, Web of Science, TRIP, DARE, and ProQuest. The search terms included various combinations of low-level laser therapy, nipple pain, nipple trauma, and breastfeeding.

Studies selection: Out of 107 articles identified, only three controlled and randomized clinical trials was included. The extracted data encompassed breast and trauma characteristics, treatment types, outcomes (pain and healing process), evaluation tools, LLLT usage, laser brand, and parameters.

Data collection: Data extraction was performed using RAYYAN for systematic reviews. The risk of bias in the studies was evaluated.

Data synthesis: Pain was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS). The included studies did not use validated tools for assessing physical conditions. All studies employed LLLT with a 660-nm wavelength, though there were variations in equipment power, energy dose, and application methods. The meta-analysis revealed an average difference of -0.60 points (95% CI: -1.52 to 0.31) in the VAS pain scores between the LLLT and control groups. No heterogeneity was observed among the studies (I2=0%), indicating no significant difference in pain relief between LLLT (red light) and control groups.

Conclusion: LLLT may offer a promising option for managing breastfeeding-related complications, though further research is required.

Keywords: Breast feeding; Laser therapy; Low level light therapy; Low-level laser; Nipple pain; Nipple trauma; Nipples.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts to interest: none to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart of the study screening process.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Forest plot of two studies: relief of pain after the use of low-level laser in nipple trauma, outcome: nipple pain
Figure 3
Figure 3. Risk of bias summary: review the authors’ judgments about each risk of bias, based on the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. Green colour indicates low risk of bias, yellow colour means unclear risk of bias, and red colour indicates high risk of bias
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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