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Review
. 2025 Apr 17;5(1):56.
doi: 10.1007/s44192-025-00189-3.

COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: a review of the emerging evidence

Nicholas Aderinto  1 , Gbolahan Olatunji  2 , Emmanuel Kokori  2 , Ikponmwosa Jude Ogieuhi  3 , Ismaila Ajayi Yusuf  4 , Emmanuel Egbunu  5 , Bonaventure Michael Ukoaka  6 , Adetola Emmanuel Babalola  7 , Temiloluwa Oluwakorede Adefusi  8 , John Ehi Aboje  9 , Abdulrahmon Moradeyo  10
Affiliations
Review

COVID-19 and cognitive impairment: a review of the emerging evidence

Nicholas Aderinto et al. Discov Ment Health. .

Abstract

The recent surge of COVID-19 cases has raised concerns about its potential long-term effects on cognitive function. This review explores the growing body of research investigating the link between COVID-19 infection and cognitive impairment. Studies employing observational, longitudinal, and case-control designs reveal a concerning prevalence of cognitive impairment in survivors, affecting domains like attention, memory, executive function, and processing speed. The persistence of these deficits for months after the initial infection highlights the potential for long-term consequences. While the precise mechanisms remain under investigation, potential contributing factors include neuroinflammation, hypoxia, and psychological effects. Limitations within the current research landscape necessitate further investigation into the long-term trajectory of cognitive decline, the potential for intervention and recovery, and the role of vaccination in mitigating these effects. Understanding the multifaceted nature of this issue is crucial for developing effective strategies to ensure optimal cognitive health outcomes for COVID-19 survivors.

Keywords: Attention; COVID-19; Cognitive decline; Cognitive impairment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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