Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Apr 17;25(1):544.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-10954-y.

Otomycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and causative agents in the era of molecular diagnostics

Tina Nazari  1 , Fatemeh Peymaeei  2 , Romina Ghazi Mirsaid  3 , Reihaneh Seiad Ahmadnezhad  2 , Arsalan Bateni Shalmani  2   4 , Shahram Mahmoudi  5
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Otomycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and causative agents in the era of molecular diagnostics

Tina Nazari et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Molecular identification of fungal agents in otomycosis can provide a more accurate diagnosis and differentiation of species compared to conventional morphological methods. Previous reviews mostly relied on studies using conventional methods to explore the prevalence and distribution of otomycosis etiologies. We aim to estimate the prevalence and distribution of causative agents in otomycosis cases confirmed with molecular methods.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We selected cross-sectional studies that reported causative agents of otomycosis and used molecular methods for identification of fungi. We appraised the quality of evidence using the JBI Checklist for Prevalence Studies. Clinical and mycological data were collected, and prevalence of otomycosis was estimated by meta-analysis.

Results: Twenty studies reporting 1392 fungal isolates, consisting of 46 species from 11 distinct genera, were included in this review. The prevalence of otomycosis among clinically-suspected patients was 58.3% (95% CI: 41.4-73.5%). Aspergillus (75.8%, 95% CI: 70.3-80.6%) and Candida (15.3%, 95% CI: 8.7- 25.6%) were the most common etiologies. The most frequent Aspergillus species were A. niger (n = 352, 30.9%) and A. tubingensis (n = 270, 23.7%), and the most frequent Candida species were C. parapsilosis (n = 85, 39.7%) and C. albicans (n = 66, 30.8%). The quality of evidence was assessed to be poor in all included studies.

Conclusions: Otomycosis is caused by a diverse set of species, predominantly from Aspergillus and Candida genera. Molecular identification techniques provide a more accurate understanding of the distribution of species associated with otomycosis.

Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Keywords: Aspergillus; Candida; Fungal otitis externa; Molecular identification; Otomycosis; Prevalence.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA flow diagram of search for studies on otomycosis with molecular identification of causative agents
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The pooled prevalence of otomycosis among patients with clinical presentations
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Distribution of reported species in Aspergillus section Nigri
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Jimenez-Garcia L, Celis-Aguilar E, Díaz-Pavón G, Muñoz Estrada V, Castro-Urquizo Á, Hernández-Castillo N, et al. Efficacy of topical Clotrimazole vs. topical Tolnaftate in the treatment of otomycosis. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;86:300–7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang L, Wang X, Houbraken J, Mei H, Liao W, Hasimu H, et al. Molecular identification and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Aspergillus isolates recovered from otomycosis patients in Western China. Mycopathologia. 2020;185:527–35. - PubMed
    1. Bojanović M, Stalević M, Arsić-Arsenijević V, Ignjatović A, Ranđelović M, Golubović M et al. Etiology, predisposing factors, clinical features and diagnostic procedure of otomycosis: A literature review. J Fungi (Basel). 2023;9(6). - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zahran EM, Mohamad SA, Yahia R, Badawi AM, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Anti-otomycotic potential of nanoparticles of Moringa oleifera leaf extract: an integrated in vitro, in Silico and phase 0 clinical study. Food Funct. 2022;13(21):11083–96. - PubMed
    1. Alam I, Gupta RK, Bhargava A, Faiz S, Srivastava S, Haider F et al. A study of clinico-mycological profile and treatment of primary otomycosis. Asian J Med Sci. 2023;14(8).

LinkOut - more resources