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. 2025 Apr 3:16:1565054.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1565054. eCollection 2025.

Prevalence and risk factors of depression in rural Chinese hemodialysis patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter cross-sectional study

Zhaoqi Liu #  1 , Juhua Lin #  1 , Zhiqiang Chen  1 , Rugang Li  1 , Junping Tang  1 , Quan Liu  1 , Lin Ning  1 , Min He  1
Affiliations

Prevalence and risk factors of depression in rural Chinese hemodialysis patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicenter cross-sectional study

Zhaoqi Liu et al. Front Psychol. .

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of depression among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients in rural China during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 14 hemodialysis centers in northern Guangdong Province from April to October 2021. Depression was evaluated using the Self-Rating Depression Scale. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify associated factors.

Results: Of the 450 MHD patients enrolled, 160 (35.6%) met the criteria for depression, with 91.8% cases being of mild severity. After adjusting for demographic, dialysis-related, laboratory, pandemic-associated lifestyle changes, and psychological variables, discomfort during dialysis [Odds ratio (OR) 1.654, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.105-2.474] and infection worry (OR 1.719, 95% CI 1.121-2.636) were significantly associated with an increased risk of depression. In contrast, college education was linked to a lower risk (OR 0.456, 95% CI 0.245-0.846).

Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic in rural China, mild depression were common among MHD patients. Mandatory behavioral interventions did not contribute to depression, while discomfort during dialysis and infection worry emerged as risk factors, and college education was associated with a lower risk.

Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; cross-sectional study; depression; maintenance hemodialysis; rural areas.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Depression severity scores across clinical subgroups. SDS: self-rating depression scale.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Depression severity scores across different laboratory status. SDS: self-rating depression scale.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Depression severity scores according to different dialysis parameters. SDS: self-rating depression scale.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Depression severity in different lifestyle groups based on the COVID-19 Pandemic. SDS: self-rating depression scale.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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