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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2025 Sep 1;57(9):2021-2031.
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003728. Epub 2025 Apr 18.

Without Fail: Muscular Adaptations in Single-Set Resistance Training Performed to Failure or with Repetitions-in-Reserve

Thomas Hermann  1 , Adam E Mohan  1 , Alysson Enes, Max Sapuppo  1 , Alec Piñero  1 , Arman Zamanzadeh  1 , Michael Roberts  1 , Max Coleman  1 , Patroklos Androulakis Korakakis  1 , Milo Wolf  1 , Martin Refalo  2 , Paul A Swinton  3 , Brad J Schoenfeld  1
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Without Fail: Muscular Adaptations in Single-Set Resistance Training Performed to Failure or with Repetitions-in-Reserve

Thomas Hermann et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. .

Abstract

Introduction/purpose: This study compared the effects of single-set resistance training performed with maximal effort (failure) versus submaximal effort on muscular adaptations.

Methods: Forty-two young, resistance-trained men and women were randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: a group that trained to failure on all exercises (FAIL) or a submaximal effort group (2-RIR) that trained with two repetitions in reserve for the same exercises. Participants performed a single set of nine exercises targeting all major muscle groups per session, twice weekly for 8 wk. We assessed pre-post study changes in muscle thickness for the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris, along with measures of muscular strength, power, endurance, and ability to estimate RIR in the bench press and squat.

Results: Results indicated that both FAIL and 2-RIR elicited appreciable gains in most of the assessed outcomes. Several measures of hypertrophy tended to favor FAIL, although absolute differences between conditions were generally modest. Increases in countermovement jump height favored FAIL, but with no clear statistical support for either the null or alternative hypothesis. Increases in strength and local muscular endurance were similar between conditions. Participants demonstrated greater accuracy in estimating RIR for the bench press compared with the squat and improved their accuracy over the intervention, particularly for the bench press.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that single-set routines can be a time-efficient strategy for promoting muscular adaptations in resistance-trained individuals, even when transitioning from higher-volume programs. Training to failure in single-set routines may modestly enhance some measures of muscle hypertrophy and power, but not strength or local muscle endurance.

Keywords: MINIMUM EFFECTIVE DOSE; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; PROXIMITY TO FAILURE; SET END POINT; STRENGTH; TIME-EFFICIENT TRAINING.

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