From geroscience to precision geromedicine: Understanding and managing aging

Affiliations

¹ Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Institut, Villejuif, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France. Electronic address: kroemer@orange.fr.
² Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; NUS Academy for Healthy Longevity, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
³ Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
⁴ Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵ Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁶ Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁷ Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁸ Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁹ Hevolution Foundation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
¹¹ Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: clo@uniovi.es.

PMID: 40250404
PMCID: PMC12037106 (available on 2026-04-17)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.011

Review

From geroscience to precision geromedicine: Understanding and managing aging

Guido Kroemer et al. Cell. 2025.

. 2025 Apr 17;188(8):2043-2062.

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.011.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Institut, Villejuif, France; Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Department of Biology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France. Electronic address: kroemer@orange.fr.
² Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; NUS Academy for Healthy Longevity, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
³ Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA.
⁴ Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵ Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁶ Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁷ Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁸ Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁹ Hevolution Foundation, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
¹¹ Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Inserm U1138, Université Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France; Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: clo@uniovi.es.

PMID: 40250404
PMCID: PMC12037106 (available on 2026-04-17)
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.011

Abstract

Major progress has been made in elucidating the molecular, cellular, and supracellular mechanisms underlying aging. This has spurred the birth of geroscience, which aims to identify actionable hallmarks of aging. Aging can be viewed as a process that is promoted by overactivation of gerogenes, i.e., genes and molecular pathways that favor biological aging, and alternatively slowed down by gerosuppressors, much as cancers are caused by the activation of oncogenes and prevented by tumor suppressors. Such gerogenes and gerosuppressors are often associated with age-related diseases in human population studies but also offer targets for modeling age-related diseases in animal models and treating or preventing such diseases in humans. Gerogenes and gerosuppressors interact with environmental, behavioral, and psychological risk factors to determine the heterogeneous trajectory of biological aging and disease manifestation. New molecular profiling technologies enable the characterization of gerogenic and gerosuppressive pathways, which serve as biomarkers of aging, hence inaugurating the era of precision geromedicine. It is anticipated that, pending results from randomized clinical trials and regulatory approval, gerotherapeutics will be tailored to each person based on their genetic profile, high-dimensional omics-based biomarkers of aging, clinical and digital biomarkers of aging, psychosocial profile, and past or present exposures.

Keywords: aging; aging clocks; anti-aging drugs; atherosclerosis; cancer; cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; epigenetic clocks; genomics; neurodegeneration; oncogene; oncosuppression; primary prevention.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests G.K. holds research contracts with Daiichi Sankyo, Kaleido, Lytix Pharma, PharmaMar, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, Sanofi, Sutro, Tollys, and Vascage; is on the Board of Directors of the Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation France; is a scientific co-founder of everImmune, Osasuna Therapeutics, Samsara Therapeutics, and Therafast Bio; is on the scientific advisory boards of Centenara Labs (formerly Rejuveron Life Sciences), Hevolution, and Institut Servier; and is the inventor of patents covering therapeutic targeting of ACBP/DBI, aging, cancer, cystic fibrosis, and metabolic disorders. G.K.’s wife, Laurence Zitvogel, has held research contracts with Glaxo Smyth Kline, Incyte, Lytix, Kaleido, Innovate Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, Pilege, Merus, transgene, 9 m, Tusk, and Roche; was on the Board of Directors of Transgene; is a co-founder of everImmune; and holds patents covering the treatment of cancer and the therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota. G.K.’s brother, Romano Kroemer, was an employee of Sanofi and now consults for Boehringer Ingelheim. A.B.M. is co-founder of Chi Longevity, Chief Medical Officer of NU, and holds research or advisory contracts with Abbott, Danone, Haleon, Borealis Pharma, Rejuveron, Institute for Healthier Living Abu Dhabi, Atria Institute, Hevolution, and PwC. A.M.C. is co-founder of Selphagy (a program under LifeBioscience). V.G. is a consultant to Genflow Bio, DoNotAge, Elysium, WndrHLTH, and BellSant and is a co-founder of Matrix Bio and Faunsome Bio. V.N.G. is an inventor of patent applications dealing with aging biomarkers. B.K.K. reports a relationship with Ponce de Leon Health that includes consulting or advisory and equity or stocks. E.V. is a member of the SAB of BioAge, Deciduous, Rejuvenate Biomed, GenFlow, Amazentis, Longevity Clinic Europe, and Institute of Healthy Living Abu Dhabi. F.S. is the founder of Geroscience Consulting LLC. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

References

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From geroscience to precision geromedicine: Understanding and managing aging

Affiliations

From geroscience to precision geromedicine: Understanding and managing aging

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous