Ecofriendly synthesis characterization and biological activities of Eruca sativa mediated silver oxide nanoparticles

Abstract

One of the popular subjects of millennia is the synthesis of nanostructures, their applications in numerous fields, and their interaction with various biological systems, making them appealing for drug delivery systems, and diagnostic and therapeutic agents. In this study, silver oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using E. sativa (ES) aqueous extract. The biosynthesis was followed via UV-vis spectroscopy by analysis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and Zeta potential to further analyze the synthesized nanoparticles. Furthermore, the biosynthesized silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag₂ONPs) were checked through various biological activities. The antioxidative potential was assessed by performing a DPPH radical scavenging assay, total reducing power assay, and total antioxidant capacity assay. Antimicrobial potential was observed against various bacterial and fungal strains. Likewise, Artemia salina (brine shrimps) was used to study cytotoxicity, while VERO and HEK-293 cell lines were applied to check the biocompatibility of synthesized NPs. Anticancer potential was evaluated against the Hep-2 cells by utilizing an MTT assay. A mean crystallite ~ 50 nm size is evidenced by TEM analysis. Notable antimicrobial activity was detected with various bacterial and fungal strains with maximum ZOI by B. subtilis was 18.5 ± 2.36 mm at 1000 µg/mL and A. niger reveals a minimum ZOP of 16 ± 1.7 mm at 1000 µg/mL respectively. A dose-dependent response was observed in biological evaluation against A. salina (LC₅₀: 12.21 µg/mL), DPPH (IC₅₀: 62.36 µg/mL), VERO cell line (IC₅₀: 43.11 µg/mL), HEK-293 cell line (IC₅₀: 26.56 µg/mL), and Hep-2 cell line (IC₅₀: 9.97 µg/mL). The multifaceted attributes of ES-Ag₂ONPs encompassing antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties render them a versatile platform in drug delivery and biomedical horizons. However, detailed investigation and clinical trials will undoubtedly provide translational applications in diverse fields.

Keywords: E. sativa; Anticancer; Antimicrobial; Cytotoxic; Silver oxide nanoparticles.

Fig. 1

A general scheme of the performed study.

Fig. 2

UV-Vis of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag₂ONPs) using E. sativa extract.

Fig. 3

Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum of green synthesized silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag₂ONPs) using E. sativa extract.

Fig. 4

(A) and (B) showing the TEM image of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag₂ONPs) using E. sativa extract and (C) size distribution appeared to be in the range of 10–90 nm.

Fig. 5

Zeta potential measurements of biosynthesized Ag₂ONPs.

Fig. 6

XRD pattern of biosynthesized ES-Ag₂ONPs.

Fig. 7

Antioxidant potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag₂ONPs) using E. sativa extract.

Fig. 8

Different zones i.e., a, b, c, d, and e. exhibited by various strains, while (C) in the center shows control. (A): P. aeruginosa, (B): K. pneumoniae, (C): S. aureus, (D): E. coli, (E): L. acidophilus, (F): B. subtilis, G: E. faecalis.

Fig. 9

The antibacterial (A) and antifungal (B) potential shown by ES-Ag₂ONPs against various strains.

Fig. 10

Treatment of ES-Ag₂ONPs with Hep-2, HEK-293, and VERO cell lines. Cells seeded in 96-well plates. In the figure reduction process, the color shifts from light yellow to purple.

Fig. 11

(A) Cytotoxic potential exhibited by Es-Ag₂ONPs against Artemia salina. (B) Percent cytotoxicity exhibited by Hep-2 cell lines; (C) Percent Viability exhibited by VERO and HEK-293 cell lines at different concentrations of applied Es-Ag₂ONPs.