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Review
. 2025 Jun;25(6):841-866.
doi: 10.1007/s12012-025-09998-y. Epub 2025 Apr 18.

Essential and Non-Essential Metals and Metalloids and Their Role in Atherosclerosis

Pierce L Massie  1 , Marcus Garcia  2 , Aerlin Decker  2 , Rui Liu  2 , Milad MazloumiBakhshayesh  3 , Deepali Kulkarni  1 , Matthew P Justus  3 , Jorge Gallardo  1 , Avalon Abrums  1 , Kristin Markle  1 , Carolyn Pace  1 , Matthew Campen  2 , Ross M Clark  4   5
Affiliations
Review

Essential and Non-Essential Metals and Metalloids and Their Role in Atherosclerosis

Pierce L Massie et al. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is becoming more prevalent in the aging developed world and can have significant functional impacts on patients. There is a recent recognition that environmental toxicants such as circulating metals and metalloids may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease, but the mechanisms are complex. While the broad toxic biologic effects of metals in human systems have been extensively reviewed, the role of non-essential exposure and essential metal aberrancy in PAD specifically is less frequently discussed. This review of the literature describes current scientific knowledge regarding the individual roles several major metals and metalloids play in atherogenesis and highlights areas where a dearth of data exist. The roles of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) are included. Contemporary outcomes of therapeutic trials aimed at chelation therapy of circulating metals to impact cardiovascular outcomes are also discussed. This review highlights the supported notion of differential metal presence within peripheral plaques themselves, although distinguishing their roles within these plaques requires further illumination.

Keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Carotid artery stenosis; Metal; Metalloid.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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