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. 2025 Mar 20;17(3):e80921.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.80921. eCollection 2025 Mar.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy in Preventing Hematoma at the Arterial Puncture Site Among Post-percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Patients in a Selected Tertiary Care Hospital, Belagavi

Honnagouda Patil  1 , Vishwanath Hesarur  2 , Santoshini Mahanta  1
Affiliations

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy in Preventing Hematoma at the Arterial Puncture Site Among Post-percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Patients in a Selected Tertiary Care Hospital, Belagavi

Honnagouda Patil et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis and management have significantly advanced with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), yet the procedure remains associated with notable vascular complications in patients, with hematoma being one of the most common post-procedural adverse events. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cryotherapy in preventing and reducing hematoma formation at arterial puncture sites in patients undergoing PCI.

Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care center in India, involving 70 patients undergoing PCI via the femoral approach. Patients were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received cryotherapy through ice pack application at two-minute intervals for 10 minutes immediately after sheath removal, while the control group followed the standard hospital protocol. Hematoma was assessed and graded by size, with measurements taken before and after intervention.

Results: The mean age of the patients in the control and experimental groups was 57.29 ± 10.03 years and 57.09 ± 9.67 years, respectively, with a marked male predominance of 57 (81.43%) across both groups. Before the intervention, 18 (51.43%) patients in the experimental group had no hematoma, while 9 (25.71%) patients experienced severe hematoma, and 4 (11.43%) patients had mild hematoma. After receiving cryotherapy, a total of 33 (94.29%) patients in the experimental group had no hematoma and only 2 (5.71%) of patients had mild hematoma. Hematoma reduction was significantly greater in the experimental group (95.35%, P = 0.0003) than in the control group (78.79%, P = 0.0023). Notably, body mass index (BMI) and antiplatelet drug use showed significant correlations with hematoma formation in the experimental group.

Conclusions: Hence, cryotherapy can be effectively used for the prevention and management of hematoma after sheath removal in post-PCI patients.

Keywords: bleeding risk; coronary disease; cryotherapy; hematoma; percutaneous coronary intervention.

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Conflict of interest statement

Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. KAHER, Institute of Nursing Sciences issued approval NIL. The Ethical committee (Human) for NPCC research dissertation, KAHER, Institute of Nursing Sciences reviewed and discussed the M.Sc. Nursing research dissertation A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Cryotherapy in the Prevention of Hematoma at the Arterial Puncture Site Among Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) Patients Admitted to a Selected Tertiary Care Hospital, Belagavi on August 1, 2022. After discussion and review of the dissertation, the committee approved the dissertation to be conducted in the present form. The ethical committee experts to be informed about the progress of the study with any changes in the protocol and informed consent and asked to be provided a copy of the final report. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

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