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Review
. 2025 Apr;48(4):e70129.
doi: 10.1002/clc.70129.

Trends and Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction-Related Mortality Among U.S. Adults With Hypertension, 2000-2023

Maryam Sajid  1 , Dua Ali  1 , Shaheer Qureshi  1 , Reja Ahmad  2 , Asim Sajjad  1 , Saad Ahmed Waqas  1 , Raheel Ahmed  3 , Peter Collins  3
Affiliations
Review

Trends and Disparities in Acute Myocardial Infarction-Related Mortality Among U.S. Adults With Hypertension, 2000-2023

Maryam Sajid et al. Clin Cardiol. 2025 Apr.

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is a major public health concern and a key risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), significantly contributing to cardiovascular mortality. Despite advancements in management and treatment, trends in associated mortality remain underexplored.

Objective: This study examines U.S. national trends in hypertension- and AMI-associated mortality from 2000 to 2023, focusing on demographics and regions.

Methods: Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 for adults aged ≥ 25 with hypertension and AMI were extracted from the CDC WONDER database. Annual percent changes (APCs) and average APCs (AAPCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, stratified by year, sex, race/ethnicity, age, urbanization, and Census region.

Results: From 2000 to 2023, 933,024 hypertension- and AMI-related deaths were recorded. Overall, AAMR declined from 19.84 per 100,000 in 2000 to 16.26 in 2023 (AAPC: -0.93%, 95% CI: -1.18% to -0.76%). However, a sharp rise in mortality occurred between 2018 and 2021, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic. Stratified analyses revealed persistently higher mortality rates among menmen, non-Hispanic BlackBlack individuals, and residents of the Southern and rural U.S. regions. Younger adults showed an increasing AAMR trend, indicating a growing burden of hypertension and AMI-associated disease.

Conclusion: While long-term mortality trends show a decline, recent years have seen a rise, particularly among high-risk groups. Targeted public health interventions addressing hypertension management, cardiovascular risk reduction, and healthcare disparities are essential to mitigate the ongoing burden of hypertension and AMI mortality in the U.S.

Keywords: CDC WONDER database; acute myocardial infarction; cardiovascular diseases; census region; gender; healthcare disparities; hypertension; mortality trends; race; urbanization.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Hypertension and AMI‐associated AAMRs per 100,000 stratified by sex in the United States from 2000 to 2023.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Hypertension and AMI‐associated AAMRs per 100,000 stratified by race in the United States from 2000 to 2023.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Hypertension and AMI‐associated AAMRs per 100,000 stratified by State in the United States from 2000 to 2019.
Central Illustration 1
Central Illustration 1
Trends and disparities in acute myocardial infarction‐related mortality among U.S. adults with hypertension, 2000–2023.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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