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. 2025 Apr 7:5:1408940.
doi: 10.3389/frhs.2025.1408940. eCollection 2025.

Understanding adaptations in a community-vetted COVID-19 testing program

Breanna J Reyes  1 , Stephenie Tinoco Calvillo  1 , Angel Lomeli  1   2 , Arleth A Escoto  1 , Maria Linda Burola  1 , Kelli L Cain  2 , Linda Salgin  3   4 , Maria Balbuena-Bojorquez  1 , Anne-Marie Engler  1 , Marva Seifert  5 , Louise C Laurent  1 , Nicole A Stadnick  6   7   8 , Borsika A Rabin  2   7
Affiliations

Understanding adaptations in a community-vetted COVID-19 testing program

Breanna J Reyes et al. Front Health Serv. .

Abstract

Background: Adaptations are expected when complex public health interventions are implemented in dynamically and rapidly changing real-world settings, as seen for many programs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Systematic documentation of adaptations to intervention components and strategies are critical when assessing their impact on implementation. Here, we report processes used for tracking and evaluating adaptations made during the CO-CREATE project, which aimed to address COVID-19 testing disparities in the San Ysidro US/Mexico border community.

Methods: The study utilized a longitudinal, prospective, mixed methods approach to systematically document and assess adaptations across the pre-implementation, early and mid/late-implementation phases of the project. Aggregated from a combination of sources (i.e., meeting notes, Advisory Board transcripts, and periodic reflections), adaptations were entered weekly into an electronic database that captured information on 16 characteristics and were validated by study staff. The impacts of the adaptations were determined using a team consensus approach and based on the outcomes from the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework. Each adaptation was evaluated to determine whether it increased, decreased, had no effect, or not applicable to the RE-AIM outcomes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: 98 adaptations were identified, and most were identified by research staff (n = 79, 75.2%). Planned adaptations were defined as those discussed between at least two research team members prior to implementation. Unplanned adaptations were defined as a change made without shared discussion and agreement among at least 2 research team members. Most adaptations were planned (n = 93, 94.9%). Of those that were planned, (n = 21, 22.6%) occurred during pre-implementation, (n = 26, 28.0%) during early implementation, and (n = 46, 49.4%) during mid/late implementation. Of those that were unplanned, (n = 1, 20.0%) occurred during pre-implementation and (n = 4, 80.0%) occurred during implementation. Most adaptations (n = 45, 45.9%) had a positive impact (i.e., increase) on the efficiency of delivery of services, meaningful engagement of partners, and reach of community members through the program.

Conclusion: This work describes our systematic and prospective approach to document and analyze adaptations over a two-year period and assesses the impact of these adaptations. Lessons learned from this work can be used to develop best practices for adapting interventions to ensure sustainable implementation and address disparities in public health and clinical programs.

Keywords: COVID-19 testing; adaptation; border community; community-based; implementation science.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Project Key elements by aims.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Process for identifying CO-CREATE adaptations.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Unique adaptations for CO-CREATE.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Adaptations organized by the COVID-19 pandemic timeline and related events and milestones.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Perceived impact of adaptations on RE-AIM outcomes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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