Updated classification of epileptic seizures: Position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy

Sándor Beniczky^{1

2

3}, Eugen Trinka^{4

5

6}, Elaine Wirrell⁷, Fatema Abdulla⁸, Raidah Al Baradie⁹, Mario Alonso Vanegas¹⁰, Stéphane Auvin^{11

12

13}, Mamta Bhushan Singh¹⁴, Hal Blumenfeld¹⁵, Alicia Bogacz Fressola¹⁶, Roberto Caraballo¹⁷, Mar Carreno^{18

19}, Fernando Cendes^{20

21}, Augustina Charway²², Mark Cook²³, Dana Craiu^{24

25}, Birinus Ezeala-Adikaibe^{26

27}, Birgit Frauscher^{28

29}, Jacqueline French³⁰, M V Gule^{31

32}, Norimichi Higurashi³³, Akio Ikeda³⁴, Floor E Jansen³⁵, Barbara Jobst³⁶, Philippe Kahane³⁷, Nirmeen Kishk³⁸, Ching Soong Khoo^{39

40

41}, Kollencheri Puthenveettil Vinayan⁴², Lieven Lagae⁴³, Kheng-Seang Lim⁴⁴, Angelica Lizcano^{45

46}, Aileen McGonigal⁴⁷, Katerina Tanya Perez-Gosiengfiao^{48

49

50}, Philippe Ryvlin⁵¹, Nicola Specchio⁵², Michael R Sperling⁵³, Hermann Stefan⁵⁴, William Tatum⁵⁵, Manjari Tripathi⁵⁶, Elza Márcia Yacubian⁵⁷, Samuel Wiebe⁵⁸, Jo Wilmshurst⁵⁹, Dong Zhou⁶⁰, J Helen Cross⁶¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
² Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
³ Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁵ Neuroscience Institute, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁶ Medical Informatics, and Technology, Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making, and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Hall in Tyrol, Austria.
⁷ Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
⁸ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
⁹ King Fahd Specialist Hospital Dammam, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ International Epilepsy Center HMG Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹¹ Pediatric Neurology Department, CRMR Epilepsies Rares, APHP, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
¹² INSERM NeuroDiderot, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
¹³ Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁶ Neurological Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
¹⁷ Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁸ Clinical Institute of Neurosciences, University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹ Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁰ Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, São Paulo, Brazil.
²² 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
²³ Faculties of Engineering and Information Technology, and Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁴ Pediatric Neurology Discipline, Neuroscience Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
²⁵ Center of Expertise of Rare Pediatric Neurological Disorders Al Obregia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
²⁶ Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
²⁷ Neurology Unit, Memfys Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
²⁸ Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
³¹ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³² Centre for Global Epilepsy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³³ Musashi-Kosugi Pediatrics & Epilepsy Clinic and Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Japan.
³⁴ Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Shogoin, Kyoto, Japan.
³⁵ Department of Child Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
³⁷ Neurology Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.
³⁸ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kasralainy Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
³⁹ Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴⁰ Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴¹ Centre for Global Epilepsy, Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴² Department of Pediatric Neurology and Amrita Advanced Center for Epilepsy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, India.
⁴³ Pediatric Neurology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴⁵ Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Clinic, Neurocentro and Coneuro, Pereira, Colombia.
⁴⁶ Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medcare, Pereira, Colombia.
⁴⁷ Centre for Neurosciences, Mater Hospital Brisbane, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosciences, Makati Medical Center, Makati, Philippines.
⁵⁰ Institute for Neurological Sciences, St. Lukes Medical Center Global City, Taguig, Philippines.
⁵¹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵² Neurology, Epilepsy, and Movement Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy and University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Neurology-Biomagnetism, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.
⁵⁵ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Neurology, AIIMS, Delhi, India.
⁵⁷ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁸ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁵⁹ Department of Pediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁶⁰ Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁶¹ NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital & Young Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 40264351
PMCID: PMC12169392
DOI: 10.1111/epi.18338

Updated classification of epileptic seizures: Position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy

Sándor Beniczky et al. Epilepsia. 2025 Jun.

. 2025 Jun;66(6):1804-1823.

doi: 10.1111/epi.18338. Epub 2025 Apr 23.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
² Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
³ Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁵ Neuroscience Institute, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
⁶ Medical Informatics, and Technology, Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making, and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Hall in Tyrol, Austria.
⁷ Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology and Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
⁸ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
⁹ King Fahd Specialist Hospital Dammam, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁰ International Epilepsy Center HMG Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹¹ Pediatric Neurology Department, CRMR Epilepsies Rares, APHP, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.
¹² INSERM NeuroDiderot, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
¹³ Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
¹⁶ Neurological Institute, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
¹⁷ Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁸ Clinical Institute of Neurosciences, University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁹ Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
²⁰ Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
²¹ Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, São Paulo, Brazil.
²² 37 Military Hospital, Accra, Ghana.
²³ Faculties of Engineering and Information Technology, and Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
²⁴ Pediatric Neurology Discipline, Neuroscience Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania.
²⁵ Center of Expertise of Rare Pediatric Neurological Disorders Al Obregia Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
²⁶ Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
²⁷ Neurology Unit, Memfys Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
²⁸ Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
²⁹ Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke Pratt School of Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
³¹ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience Institute and Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³² Centre for Global Epilepsy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³³ Musashi-Kosugi Pediatrics & Epilepsy Clinic and Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Japan.
³⁴ Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Shogoin, Kyoto, Japan.
³⁵ Department of Child Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
³⁶ Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA.
³⁷ Neurology Department, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France.
³⁸ Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kasralainy Hospital, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
³⁹ Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴⁰ Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴¹ Centre for Global Epilepsy, Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴² Department of Pediatric Neurology and Amrita Advanced Center for Epilepsy, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, India.
⁴³ Pediatric Neurology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁴⁵ Department of Clinical Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Clinic, Neurocentro and Coneuro, Pereira, Colombia.
⁴⁶ Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Medcare, Pereira, Colombia.
⁴⁷ Centre for Neurosciences, Mater Hospital Brisbane, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurosciences, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
⁴⁹ Department of Neurosciences, Makati Medical Center, Makati, Philippines.
⁵⁰ Institute for Neurological Sciences, St. Lukes Medical Center Global City, Taguig, Philippines.
⁵¹ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
⁵² Neurology, Epilepsy, and Movement Disorders Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy and University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁵³ Department of Neurology, Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁵⁴ Department of Neurology-Biomagnetism, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany.
⁵⁵ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Neurology, AIIMS, Delhi, India.
⁵⁷ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
⁵⁸ Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁵⁹ Department of Pediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁶⁰ Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
⁶¹ NIHR BRC Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital & Young Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK.

PMID: 40264351
PMCID: PMC12169392
DOI: 10.1111/epi.18338

Abstract

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has updated the operational classification of epileptic seizures, building upon the framework established in 2017. This revision, informed by the implementation experience, involved a working group appointed by the ILAE Executive Committee. Comprising 37 members from all ILAE regions, the group utilized a modified Delphi process, requiring a consensus threshold of more than two thirds for any proposal. Following public comments, the Executive Committee appointed seven additional experts to the revision task force to address and incorporate the issues raised, as appropriate. The updated classification maintains four main seizure classes: Focal, Generalized, Unknown (whether focal or generalized), and Unclassified. Taxonomic rules distinguish classifiers, which are considered to reflect biological classes and directly impact clinical management, from descriptors, which indicate other important seizure characteristics. Focal seizures and those of unknown origin are further classified by the patient's state of consciousness (impaired or preserved) during the seizure, defined operationally through clinical assessment of awareness and responsiveness. If the state of consciousness is undetermined, the seizure is classified under the parent term, that is, the main seizure class (focal seizure or seizure of unknown origin). Generalized seizures are grouped into absence seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and other generalized seizures, now including recognition of negative myoclonus as a seizure type. Seizures are described in the basic version as with or without observable manifestations, whereas an expanded version utilizes the chronological sequence of seizure semiology. This updated classification comprises four main classes and 21 seizure types. Special emphasis was placed on ensuring translatability into languages beyond English. Its aim is to establish a common language for all health care professionals involved in epilepsy care, from resource-limited areas to highly specialized centers, and to provide accessible terms for patients and caregivers.

Keywords: International League Against Epilepsy; seizure classification; update.

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Conflict of interest statement

B.J. serves as associate editor of the journal Neurology. She has received research support from NIH, CDC, and Neuropace. D.C. has received educational grants from UCB, Astra Zeneca, and Desitin and is a member of the advisory board of Astra Zeneca and UCB. D.C. is a chair of the Education and Training Committee and of the Guidelines Committee of the European Pediatric Neurology Society. D.C. has no conflicts of interest related to this article. E.T. has received personal honoraria for lectures and educational activities from EVER Pharma, Marinus, Arvelle, Angelini, Alexion, Argenx, Medtronic, Biocodex, Bial‐Portela & Ca, NewBridge, GL Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, LivaNova, Eisai, Epilog, UCB, Biogen, Sanofi, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Actavis; his institution has received research grants from Biogen, UCB Pharma, Eisai, Red Bull, Merck, Bayer, the European Union, FWF Osterreichischer Fond zur Wissenschaftsforderung Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, and Jubiläumsfond der Österreichischen Nationalbank. E.W. serves as a data and safety monitoring board member for Neurocrine, Acadia, GRIN Therapeutics, and Encoded. F.C. has received speaker honoraria or consultancy fees from UCB Pharma, Eurofarma, Libbs, Torrent, Adium, Abbott, Prati Donaduzzi, Takeda, and Biocodex. He has also received institutional grants from the Sao Paulo Research Foundation and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico. He is the editor‐in‐chief of Epilepsia. J.F. receives salary support from the Epilepsy Foundation and from the Epilepsy Study Consortium for consulting work and/or attending scientific advisory boards for Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Acuta Capital Partners, Agrithera, Alterity Therapeutics Limited, Angelini Pharma, Autifony Therapeutics Limited, Axonis Therapeutics, Baergic Bio, Beacon Biosignals, Biogen, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Bloom Science, Bright Minds Biosciences, Camp4 Therapeutics Corporation, Cerebral Therapeutics, Cerecin, Cerevel, Cognizance Biomarkers, Cowen and Company, Crossject, Eisai, Encoded Therapeutics, Engrail, Epalex, Epitel, Equilibre BioPharmaceuticals, Genentech, GRIN Therapeutics, IQVIA RDS, iQure Pharma, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Korro Bio, Leal Therapeutics, Lipocine, LivaNova, Longboard Pharmaceuticals, Marinus, Modulight.bio, Neumirna Therapeutics, Neurocrine, Neuronetics, NeuroPace, NeuroPro Therapeutics, Neuroventis, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development, Ovid Therapeutics, Paladin Labs, Praxis, PureTech, Rapport Therapeutics, Receptor Holdings, Sage Therapeutics, SK Life Sciences, Stoke, Supernus, Takeda, Third Rock Ventures, UCB, Ventus Therapeutics, Vida Ventures Management, and Xenon. J.F. has also received research support from the Epilepsy Study Consortium (funded by Eisai and UCB), Epilepsy Study Consortium/Epilepsy Foundation (funded by UCB), GW/FACES/One8Foundation, and NINDS. She is on the editorial board of Lancet Neurology and Neurology Today. She is chief medical/innovation officer for the Epilepsy Foundation. She is the president and on the board of directors for the Epilepsy Study Consortium. She has received travel/meal reimbursement related to research, advisory meetings, or presentation of results at scientific meetings from the Epilepsy Study Consortium, the Epilepsy Foundation, Angelini Pharma, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Cerebral Therapeutics, Cowen and Company, Longboard, Neurelis, Neurocrine, NeuroPace, Praxis, Rapport, SK Life Science, Stoke, Takeda, and Xenon. J.H.C. has acted as an investigator for studies with GW Pharma/Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Zogenix/UCB, Vitaflo, Stoke Therapeutics, Ultragenyx, and Marinius. She has been a speaker and on advisory boards for Jazz Pharmaceuticals, UCB, Biocodex, and Nutricia; all remuneration has been paid to her department. She holds an endowed chair at UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; she holds grants from National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), EPSRC, GOSH Charity, LifeARC, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital. She is president of the ILAE 2021–2025. J.W. is on the national (South African) advisory board for Novartis and Sanofi and is an associate editor of Epilepsia (honorarium for work covered). M.S. served as editor‐in‐chief of Epilepsia. He has received compensation for speaking in continuing medical education (CME) programs from Medscape. He has consulted for Medtronic, Neurelis, and Johnson & Johnson. He has received research support from Medtronic, SK Life Science, Takeda, Xenon, Cerevel, UCB Pharma, Janssen, Equilibre, Epiwatch, Byteflies, and Biohaven. He has received royalties from Oxford University Press and Cambridge University Press. N.S. has served on scientific advisory boards for GW Pharma, BioMarin, Arvelle, Marinus, and Takeda; has received speaker honoraria from Eisai, BioMarin, LivaNova, and Sanofi; and has served as an investigator for Zogenix, Marinus, BioMarin, UCB, and Roche. He has been supported by #NEXTGENERATIONEU and funded by the Ministry of University and Research, National Recovery and Resilience Plan, project MNESYS (PE0000006): A Multiscale Integrated Approach to the Study of the Nervous System in Health and Disease (DN. 1553 11.10.2022). He has also been supported by the Italian Ministry of Health with Current Research Funds. S.A. is deputy editor for Epilepsia; has served as a consultant or received honoraria for lectures from Angelini Pharma, Biocodex, Eisai, Encoded, Jazz Pharmaceutics, GRIN Therapeutics, Neuraxpharm, Nutricia, Orion, Proveca, Stoke, Takeda, UCB Pharma, and Xenon; and has been an investigator for clinical trials for Eisai, Marinus, UCB Pharma, Proveca, and Takeda. S.B. serves as editor‐in‐chief of Epileptic Disorders. He has received compensation for speaking in CME programs from Lundbeck, Eisai, UCB and GSK. He has received research support from Independent Research Fund Denmark, Innovation Fund Denmark, European Union: Eurostars Program/EUREKA, European Union: Horizon Europe Framework Program, and Danish Agency for Higher Education and Science: International Network Program. S.W. has received educational grants on behalf of his institution from UCB Pharma, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Paladin Labs and has served on the advisory board of Paladin Labs. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest directly related to this paper. We confirm that we have read the Journal's position on issues involved in ethical publication and affirm that this report is consistent with those guidelines.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Basic version of the updated seizure classification.

**FIGURE 2**
Expanded version of the updated seizure classification.

**FIGURE 3**
Decision flowchart for classifying epileptic spasms and their relevance to syndromic diagnosis and treatment. EEG, electroencephalography. *semiology; **seizure type.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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Updated classification of epileptic seizures: Position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy

Affiliations

Updated classification of epileptic seizures: Position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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References

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Medical