The cell biology of Extracellular Vesicles: A jigsaw puzzle with a myriad of pieces

Abstract

Extracellular vesicle (EV) research has expanded beyond traditional boundaries, evolving into an inter-kingdom endeavor. First described over 50 years ago, EVs are now recognized as playing diverse roles in basic cellular functions, such as intercellular communication, transport, and cell migration. Their biogenesis and secretion involve complex molecular processes, with cargos that include proteins, lipids, and genetic material. Despite advances, isolation and purification methods are still developing. EVs are present in all body fluids, with different subtypes fulfilling distinct roles. Nonetheless, in biological ecosystems, vesicle diversity can be seen as a strength where each one complements the other in the dialogue between cells and tissues. The involvement of EVs in homeostasis and disease and their well-recognized potential for diagnosis and therapeutics will continue to boost investigations to reveal their fundamental biology.