Global Guidelines and Trends in HPV Vaccination for Cervical Cancer Prevention

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with persistent infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types identified as a necessary condition for its development. HPV vaccines have emerged as a crucial tool for preventing precancerous genital lesions and cervical cancer linked to specific HPV types. Over recent years, leading oncology and gynecology societies across the United States, Europe, and Australia have issued clinical guidelines aimed at optimizing the implementation of population-based HPV vaccination programs. This narrative review synthesizes key recommendations for HPV vaccination programs, focusing on guidelines published between 2019 and 2024. A total of 16 guidelines were analyzed, revealing unanimous support for vaccinating children - ideally before the age of 15 years - to ensure protection prior to sexual activity. Most recommendations emphasize the vaccination of girls and boys, with the 9-valent Gardasil 9 vaccine identified as the preferred option. A major milestone was reached in 2022, when the World Health Organization proposed a single-dose regimen as an effective strategy, offering potential benefits in public health accessibility and program efficiency. This article aims to review and compare current international guidelines for vaccination programs for human papilloma virus.