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. 2025 Apr 23;25(1):1511.
doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-22730-3.

Prevalence and associated factors of condomless sex among adolescents and young adults in Liberia: a multilevel analysis using data from the 2019-2020 Demographic and Health Survey

Kouamé Mathias N'Dri  1 , Ter Tiero Elias Dah  2   3   4 , Aboubakari Nambiema  5   6 , Djedjro Franck Renaud Meless  7 , Bayaki Saka  8   9   10 , Issifou Yaya  5   11   12
Affiliations

Prevalence and associated factors of condomless sex among adolescents and young adults in Liberia: a multilevel analysis using data from the 2019-2020 Demographic and Health Survey

Kouamé Mathias N'Dri et al. BMC Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Condom use is an essential component of strategies to improve the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and young adults (AYA). However, it remains a challenge for many Sub-Saharan African countries, including Liberia. This study aimed to examine the effects of individual and contextual factors on condomless sex within the past 12 months among AYA in Liberia.

Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2019-2020 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey (2019-20 LDHS). Sexually active AYA were included in the study. A simultaneous assessment of the effects of individual and community characteristics on unprotected sex was conducted using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for condomless sex were estimated.

Results: Of the 2,260 AYA included in the analysis, 68.3% were female, and 40.0% were living in poor households. Their mean age (± SD) was 19.3 (±2.6) years. Only 31.6% reported a history of HIV testing. The prevalence of condomless sex was 83.1%. Individual and contextual factors explained 71.4% of the variation in condomless sex among AYA. In the multivariable analysis, condomless sex was less likely among males (aOR = 0.36 [0.27-0.47]), those with moderate (aOR = 0.67 [0.48-0.94]) or high (aOR = 0.46 [0.31-0.67]) media exposure, and those with occasional partners (aOR = 0.61 [0.39-0.96]). Having a professional activity was associated with higher odds (aOR = 1.52 [1.17-1.97]). Contextual factors associated with lower odds included high community-level education (aOR = 0.65 [0.43-0.98]), urban residence (aOR = 0.54 [0.37-0.78]), and living in South-Eastern B region (aOR = 0.52 [0.3-0.93]; reference = North-Western).

Conclusion: The study shows a high prevalence of condomless sex in Liberia. Condom promotion strategies must take into account individual and contextual factors such as gender and regional inequalities.

Keywords: Adolescents and young adults; Condomless sex; Cross-sectional study; Liberia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Non applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart of the study population
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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