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. 2025 Apr 9:12:1537963.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1537963. eCollection 2025.

Quality by design-based optimization and HP-TLC densitometric standardization of Theobroma cacao L. extract as a nutraceutical supplement

Atith Muppayyanamath  1   2 , Darasaguppe R Harish  1 , Vinayak Mastiholimath  2 , Priyanka P Patil  1   2 , Vishal S Patil  1 , Harsha V Hegde  1 , Subarna Roy  1
Affiliations

Quality by design-based optimization and HP-TLC densitometric standardization of Theobroma cacao L. extract as a nutraceutical supplement

Atith Muppayyanamath et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Background: Our previous studies identified the hydroalcoholic extract of defatted Theobroma cacao L. bean (CE) as a cancer-preventive and a protective agent against chemotherapeutic-induced toxicities, specifically doxorubicin-induced heart, liver, and kidney toxicities.

Methods: An analytical method for phytochemical standardization was developed, and acute oral toxicity was studied in female Wistar rats following the OECD 423 guidelines. In brief, the CE was extracted using an 80:20 alcohol-water (% v/v) mixture through cold maceration, followed by spray drying to obtain powdered CE. Utilizing a Quality by Design (QbD) approach with Design Expert (DoE) software, we optimized CE tablets via direct compression. The central composite design (CCD) included five center points, with Avicel PH - 101 and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) as factors, and disintegration time, hardness, and % loss due to friability as measurements.

Results: Among the 13 formulations, batch F-9 emerged as the optimized one within the design space, containing 35% Avicel PH - 101 and 5% CCS. The optimized formulation exhibited a disintegration time of 5.2 min, hardness of 4.2 kg/cm2, and friability of 0.34%. Importantly, no toxic effects were found at 2,000 mg/kg in the acute oral toxicity study. CE contains vital bioactive polyphenols, including (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (+)-catechin (CTN). We developed a marker-based HP-TLC densitometric analysis using a mobile phase of 9:9:2 v/v [ethyl acetate: toluene: formic acid], which revealed CTN at Rf 0.49 and EGCG at Rf 0.23. This method was validated according to ICH requirements.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the novel, validated HP-TLC method simultaneously detects EGCG and CTN in the cocoa extract. Tablets formulated by direct compression are safe as nutraceuticals and hold promise as supplements in palliative cancer therapy.

Keywords: EGCG (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate; HPTLC; Theobroma cacao L; central composite design; nutraceuticals; quality by design.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
DSC thermogram of physical mixture of spray-dried Theobroma cacao L. and excipients in a 1:10 ratio.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overlay FT-IR spectra of the CCS, Avicel PH-101, cocoa extract (CE), and physical mixture (extract + excipients in 1:10 ratio).
Figure 3
Figure 3
3D surface plot of independent variables on response Y2% loss due to friability.
Figure 4
Figure 4
3D surface plot of independent variables on response Y2 % loss due to friability.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Overlay plot showing design space.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Images of the developed HP-TLC plates for CTN and EGCG.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chromatogram of CTN and EGCG.
Figure 8
Figure 8
HP-TLC chromatogram depicting CTN and EGCG in CE.
Figure 9
Figure 9
UV-visible spectra of (+)-Catechin and (−)-Epigallocatechin by CAMAGA TLC Scanner 3.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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