Multimodal imaging analysis of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease

Abstract

Objective: Pathophysiological backgrounds of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and autosomal recessive monogenic Parkinson's disease (AR-PD) have common features that can be assessed through multimodal imaging. In this study, the striatal and myocardial dopaminergic innervation, brain 18F-FDG metabolism, resting-state functional activity of basal ganglia network (BGN) and white-matter (WM) microstructure were evaluated in AR-PD with respect to IPD, to investigate whether AR-PD can be subtyped as "brain-first" parkinsonism according to recent etiopathogenetic classification effort.

Methods: Forty patients (17 with Parkin, 3 with DJ-1 mutations and 20 with IPD) were included. Striatal dopaminergic innervation was assessed semi-quantitatively by 18F-DOPA PET, and cardiac 18F-DOPA uptake was also evaluated. Brain 18F-FDG PET images were evaluated visually. Resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to assess the BGN activity and WM microstructural alterations.

Results: AR-PD patients showed significantly decreased 18F-DOPA uptake in caudate corpus compared to both IPD and controls, with a more symmetrical striatal dopaminergic denervation. Myocardial 18F-DOPA uptake in AR-PD was similar to controls, while it was significantly reduced in IPD. There was no significant difference in cortical 18F-FDG metabolism and functional activity of BGN between PD groups. The DTI data revealed more extensive WM microstructural damage in AR-PD compared to IPD.

Conclusions: AR-PD group showed additional significant decreased 18F-DOPA uptake in caudate corpus and more symmetrical striatal denervation. Additionally, relatively preserved myocardial innervation, cortical metabolic and WM microstructural changes suggest the possibility of "brain-first" type progression in AR-PD. Also, 18F-DOPA PET/CT may be a practical tool for evaluating dopaminergic innervation of striatum and heart together, but further evaluation is needed in this area.

Keywords: 18F-DOPA; 18F-FDG; Monogenic; Multimodal imaging; Parkinson’s disease.

Fig. 1

Striatal 18 F-DOPA PET/CT images. a, b 18 F-DOPA uptake in caudate was more decreased in AR-PD (a) compared to IPD (b) whose had same disease duration (13 years). c, d AR-PD patient (c)with right-side onset and 5-year disease duration showed symmetrically decreased 18 F-DOPA uptake in bilateral posterior putamen, whereas asymmetrically decreased 18 F-DOPA uptake was observed in contralateral putamen in IPD patient (d) with similar disease onset side and duration

Fig. 2

The maximum intensity projection (with the heart highlighted by a black circle) and trans-axial myocardial 18 F-DOPA PET/CT images of each patient are presented side by side. Decreased myocardial 18 F-DOPA uptake was observed in IPD patients with disease duration of 3 years (a) and 5 years (b), whereas relatively preserved myocardial 18 F-DOPA uptake was seen in AR-PD patients with 8 years (c) and 15 years (d) of duration