Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine

Raffaele Ornello¹, Valeria Caponnetto², Fayyaz Ahmed³, Haidar M Al-Khazali⁴, Anna Ambrosini⁵, Sait Ashina^{6

7}, Carlo Baraldi⁸, Alessia Bellotti⁹, Filippo Brighina¹⁰, Paolo Calabresi¹¹, Francesco Casillo¹², Sabina Cevoli¹³, Shuli Cheng¹⁴, Chia-Chun Chiang¹⁵, Alberto Chiarugi¹⁶, Rune Häckert Christensen^{4

7}, Min Kyung Chu¹⁷, Gianluca Coppola¹², Ilenia Corbelli⁹, Santiago Crema¹⁸, Roberto De Icco^{19

20}, Marina de Tommaso²¹, Cherubino Di Lorenzo¹², Vincenzo Di Stefano¹⁰, Hans-Christoph Diener²², Esme Ekizoğlu²³, Adriana Fallacara²⁴, Valentina Favoni¹³, Kimberly N Garces²⁵, Pierangelo Geppetti^{16

26}, Maria Teresa Goicochea¹⁸, Antonio Granato²⁷, Franco Granella²⁸, Simona Guerzoni⁸, Woo-Seok Ha²⁹, Amr Hassan³⁰, Koichi Hirata³¹, Jan Hoffmann³², Eva-Maria Hüssler³³, Mona Hussein³⁴, Luigi Francesco Iannone¹⁶, Bronwyn Jenkins³⁵, Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez³⁶, Anna Laporta²¹, Morris Levin³⁷, Antonino Lupica¹⁰, Edoardo Mampreso³⁸, Daniele Martinelli¹⁹, Teshamae S Monteith²⁴, Ilaria Orologio³⁹, Aynur Özge⁴⁰, Li-Ling Hope Pan⁴¹, Lavindren Luke Panneerchelvam³, Mario F P Peres⁴², Marcio Nattan Portes Souza⁴³, Patricia Pozo-Rosich⁴⁴, Maria Pia Prudenzano²⁴, Silvia Quattrocchi¹³, Innocenzo Rainero⁴⁵, Volodymyr Romanenko⁴⁶, Marina Romozzi¹¹, Antonio Russo³⁹, Grazia Sances¹⁹, Paola Sarchielli⁹, Todd J Schwedt⁴⁷, Marcello Silvestro³⁹, Diego Belandrino Swerts⁴⁸, Cristina Tassorelli^{19

20}, Alessandro Tessitore³⁹, Mansoureh Togha^{49

50}, Gloria Vaghi^{19

20}, Shuu-Jiun Wang^{51

52}, Messoud Ashina^{4

17}, Simona Sacco¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
² Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
³ Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust., Hull, UK.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵ Headache Clinic - IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
⁶ Department of Neurology and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁸ Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology -Headache Center and Drug Abuse - Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, AOU of Modena, Modena, Italy.
⁹ Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
¹⁰ Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo Italy.
¹¹ Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
¹² Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino - ICOT - Latina, Italy.
¹³ IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee e Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italy.
¹⁴ Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Health Sciences - Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology - Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital - University of Florence, Italy.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.
¹⁸ Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁹ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
²⁰ Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
²¹ DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.
²² Department of Neuroepidemiology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
²³ Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁴ Headache Center, Amaducci Neurological Clinic, Polyclinic Hospital-University Consortium Bari, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Neurology-Headache Division, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
²⁶ Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Pain Research Center, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA.
²⁷ Clinical Unit of Neurology, Headache Center, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
²⁸ Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
³¹ Dokkyo Medical University, Japan.
³² Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
³³ Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
³⁵ Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
³⁶ Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³⁷ Headache Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
³⁸ Headache Centre, Neurology - Euganea, Health Unit, Padua, Italy.
³⁹ Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, Mersin University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey.
⁴¹ Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴³ Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁴ Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, VHIR, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁵ Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
⁴⁶ Ukrainian Medical Academy, Ukraine.
⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁹ Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁰ Headache Department, Neurology Ward, Sina Hospital, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei.
⁵² College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.

PMID: 40277319
DOI: 10.1177/03331024241305381

Free article

Practice Guideline

Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine

Raffaele Ornello et al. Cephalalgia. 2025 Apr.

Free article

. 2025 Apr;45(4):3331024241305381.

doi: 10.1177/03331024241305381. Epub 2025 Apr 25.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
² Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
³ Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust., Hull, UK.
⁴ Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁵ Headache Clinic - IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
⁶ Department of Neurology and Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷ Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
⁸ Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology -Headache Center and Drug Abuse - Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, AOU of Modena, Modena, Italy.
⁹ Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
¹⁰ Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo Italy.
¹¹ Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Organi di Senso e Torace, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
¹² Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino - ICOT - Latina, Italy.
¹³ IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma Cefalee e Algie Facciali, Bologna, Italy.
¹⁴ Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
¹⁵ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Health Sciences - Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology - Headache Center, Careggi University Hospital - University of Florence, Italy.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.
¹⁸ Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Fleni, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
¹⁹ Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
²⁰ Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCSS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
²¹ DiBrain Department, Neurophysiopathology Unit, Bari Aldo Moro University, Bari, Italy.
²² Department of Neuroepidemiology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
²³ Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁴ Headache Center, Amaducci Neurological Clinic, Polyclinic Hospital-University Consortium Bari, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Neurology-Headache Division, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA.
²⁶ Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Pain Research Center, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA.
²⁷ Clinical Unit of Neurology, Headache Center, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, ASUGI, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
²⁸ Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
²⁹ Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
³⁰ Department of Neurology, Kasr Al Ainy Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
³¹ Dokkyo Medical University, Japan.
³² Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
³³ Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
³⁴ Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
³⁵ Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
³⁶ Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³⁷ Headache Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
³⁸ Headache Centre, Neurology - Euganea, Health Unit, Padua, Italy.
³⁹ Headache Centre of Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Neurology, Mersin University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey.
⁴¹ Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University.
⁴² Department of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴³ Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁴ Headache Clinic, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, VHIR, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁴⁵ Headache Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
⁴⁶ Ukrainian Medical Academy, Ukraine.
⁴⁷ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Brazil.
⁴⁹ Headache Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵⁰ Headache Department, Neurology Ward, Sina Hospital, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁵¹ Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei.
⁵² College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei.

PMID: 40277319
DOI: 10.1177/03331024241305381

Abstract

We here present evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine. These guidelines, created by the Italian Society for the Study of Headache and the International Headache Society, aim to offer clear, actionable recommendations to healthcare professionals. They incorporate evidence-based recommendations from randomized controlled trials and expert-based opinions. The guidelines follow the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach for assessing the quality of evidence. The guideline development involved a systematic review of literature across multiple databases, adherence to Cochrane review methods, and a structured framework for data extraction and interpretation. Although the guidelines provide a robust foundation for migraine treatment, they also highlight gaps in current research, such as the paucity of head-to-head drug comparisons and the need for long-term outcome studies. These guidelines serve as a resource to standardize migraine treatment and promote high-quality care across different healthcare settings.

Keywords: acute treatment; drugs; migraine treatment; pharmacological treatments; preventive treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article:Raffaele Ornello: Consulting fees, Allergan-AbbVie, Eli Lilly. Honoraria: Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva. Support for attending meetings, Allergan-AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva. Participating, Allergan-AbbVie, Eli Lilly. Leadership, Jr. Editorial Board member J Headache Pain. Receipt of equipment, Novartis, Eli Lilly. Other financial or non-financial, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Teva.Valeria Caponnetto: Honoraria, Teva. Support for attending meetings, Teva. Honoraria, AbbVie. Honoraria for lecture.Fayyaz Ahmed: Honorarium to be on the ad board and for lecturing from Abbvie, Pfizer, Dr Reddy's laboratory, TEVA, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Electrocore, Eneura, Novartis. Quality improvement grant from Pfizer. Treasurer of the International Headache Society, chair of the advisory board of headache section of the Association of British Neurologists, treasurer of the Anglo-Dutch Migraine Association, honorary advisor of the British Association for the Study of Headache.Haidar M. Al-Khazali: Personal fees from Pfizer and Lundbeck, outside of the submitted work.Anna Ambrosini: Speaker honoraria by Novartis, Teva, Eli-Lilly, Pfizer. Congress attendance supported by Teva. Secretary of the Italian Headache Society.Sait Ashina: Sait Ashina: Consulting: Allergan/AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Impel NeuroPharma, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Satsuma, Teva, Theranica. Honoraria, Lectures presentations: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Teva, Pfizer, Lundbeck. Leadership: Associate Editor for Cephalalgia, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Headache and Pain Research, Neurology Reviews, and Trustee of the International Headache Society Board.Carlo Baraldi: Honoraria, AbbVie. Support for meeting attendance, AbbVie, Lilly, Pfizer, Lundbeck.Filippo Brighina: Honoraria for lectures, presentations from: Pfizer, Lilly, TEVA, Alnylam, AbbVie, Lundbeck, Alexion. Support for attending meetings, TEVA, Alnylam, Roche, Sanofi, Biogen, AbbVie, Alexion, Lundbeck, Lilly.Paolo Calabresi: Speaker honoraria from: AbbVie, Bayer Schering, Bial, Biogen-Dompè, Biogen-Idec, Eisai, Genzyme, Lundbeck, Lusofarmaco, Merck- Serono, Novartis, Prexton, Teva, UCB Pharma, Zambon. PC received support to attend national and international conferences from: AbbVie, Bayer Schering, Bial, Biogen-Dompè, Biogen-Idec, Eisai, Genzyme, Lundbeck, Lusofarmaco, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Prexton, Teva, UCB Pharma, Zambon. Participation on the Advisory Board for Lilly. Participation in Data Safety, Roche, Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. PC is Past President of the Società Italiana per lo Studio delle Cefalee (SISC).Sabina Cevoli: Honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events for Angelini, Teva, Novartis, AbbVie, Lundbeck, Pfizer. Support for attending meetings and/or travel by AbbVie, Lilly. Participation on the Advisory Board for Lilly. Advisor of ANIRCEF. PI for trial of Lilly, Novartis, Teva, Lundbeck.Shuli Cheng: Headache Australia website medical reviewer. AbbVie to attend 2022 Australia New Zealand Neurologist Association ASM. Co-secretary of the Australian New Zealand Headache Society- current.Chia-Chun Chiang: Research support from the American Heart Association with funds paid to her institution. (Unrelated to this manuscript). Consulting, Satsuma, eNeura. Honoraria, HMP Global for migraine education lectures. Leadership, American Migraine Foundation Editorial Board.Alberto Chiarugi: Filed patents on novel uses of anti-CGRP biologics and gepants.Rune Häckert Christensen: iHEAD support from IHS. Travel support from the Augustinus Foundation.Min Kyung Chu: Honoraria, Allergan Korea, Handok-Teva, Eli Lilly and Company, and Yuyu Pharmaceutical Company.Gianluca Coppola: Consulting fees, Pfizer, AbbVie. Honoraria, Pfizer, Lilly. Meeting support, TEVA, Lilly, Pfizer. Safety boards, Pfizer, AbbVie. He has received funding for clinical trials from Pfizer, AbbVie, Novartis, and Teva. Leadership: Trustee and co-chair of the membership committee for the International Headache Society, member of the board at large of the European Headache Federation, Member of the study center of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches, member of the Special Interest Group on Brainstem of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Associate Editor for Cephalalgia, Cephalalgia Reports, The Journal of Headache and Pain, BMC Neurology (Pain section), Frontiers in Neurology (Neurotechnology section), and Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (Brain Imaging and Stimulation section).Santiago Crema: Funding for travel, accommodation and congress registration provided by Pfizer.Roberto De Icco: Honoraria from Eli-Lilly; TEVA; Lundbeck; Pfizer; AbbVie. Funding support for meeting attendance, TEVA; Lundbeck. Advisory boards, Pfizer; AbbVie. Junior Editor for Cephalalgia.Marina de Tommaso: Honoraria, presentations at national conferences supported by TEVA, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Lilly. Support from TEVA for EHF last meeting in Barcelona. Leadership, President-Elect Italian Society for Headache Study (SISC).Cherubino Di Lorenzo: Consulting, Pfizer. Honoraria, Pfizer, Eli Lilly.Vincenzo Di Stefano: Support for travels for attending meetings from Alexion, Alnylam, Argenx. Vincenzo Di Stefano is member of Italian Society of Neurology (SIN), Italian Society for the study of headache (SISC), Italian Society of Peripheral Nervous System (ASNP), Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (SINC). Vincenzo Di Stefano received compensation for speaking from Alexion, and Alnylam; he is Sub-Investigator in clinical trials for Alexion, Alnylam, Argenx, Dianthus, and Sanofi.Hans-Christoph Diener: Grants from German Research Council. Honoraria, Lundbeck, Novartis, Teva. Leadership, Clinical Trials Committee of the IHS NorHead Norway.Esme Ekizoglu: Received honoraria for the preparation of educational materials from Allergan-AbbVie.Valentina Favoni: Consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli-Lilly and Teva. Honoraria from Eli-Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Teva. Support for attending meetings from AbbVie, Lundbeck and Teva.Pierangelo Geppetti: European Research Council - Advanced grant; European research Council - Proof of Concept grant. Royalties for books of the series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer. Compensations from Abbott; AbbVie; Allergan; Eli Lilly; Lundbeck; Pfizer; TEVA; Novartis. Recipient of 3 Patents owned by FloNext Srl. Founder and shareholder of the Academic Spinoff (University of Florence) FloNext Srl. Editor in Chief, Confinia Cephalalgica; Editor in Chief, Advancements in Health Research.Maria Teresa Goicochea: Independent Medical Education Grant from Pfizer. Speaker or advisory board for: Teva, AbbVie, Pfizer. Support for attending meetings AbbVie, Pfizer.Antonio Granato: Lectures supported by Lilly, TEVA, Novartis, AbbVie. Educational meeting supported by Lilly, TEVA, AbbVie.Franco Granella: Honoraria from Lundbeck and Pfizer. Leadership, President of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC).Simona Guerzoni: Consulting fees, AbbVie, Lilly, Angelini, Pfizer, Lundbeck. Honoraria, AbbVie, Lilly, Angelini, Pfizer, Lundbeck. Meeting attendance, AbbVie, Lilly, Pfizer, Lundbeck. Advisory boards, AbbVie, Lilly, Angelini, Pfizer, Lundbeck,Woo-Seok Ha: Lecture on online education program for nursing patients with epilepsy in request of Korean Nurse association (2024-01-17).Amr Hassan: Consulting fees, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, Elixir pharma. Honoraria for lectures/ presentations: Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and Everpharma. Support for attending meetings, congresses, symposia and/or travel: Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharma, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita pharm. Advisory boards, Clavita Pharm Advisory board: Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, Merck, Hikma Pharma, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, Elixir pharma. Leadership, Member of Education committee of IHS Member of Membership committee of IHS Member of regional societies committee of IHS Vice President of MENAA headache society Secretary General of headache chapter of Egyptian society of Neurology.Koichi Hirata: Consulting, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Honoraria, Amgen Astellas BioPharma K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Eisai Co., Ltd, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., MSD Co., Ltd, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Pfizer Japan Inc. Support for meeting attendance, Amgen Astellas BioPharma K.K., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Eisai Co., Ltd, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., MSD Co., Ltd, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Pfizer Japan Inc. Advisory boards, Amgen Astellas BioPharma K.K., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., MSD Co., Ltd, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd Leadership, Japan Patient Advocacy Coalition.Jan Hoffmann: At the time of drafting and submitting this manuscript he was employed as an academic researcher and clinician at King's College London, UK. Since May 2024 he is a full-time employee of H. Lundbeck A/S. Since his employment with H. Lundbeck A/S he has approved the manuscript but made no changes to its content. In the 36 months preceding his employment at H. Lundbeck A/S, he held research grants from the following entities (unrelated to this manuscript): Bristol Myers Squibb, Migraine Trust, International Headache Society, National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Medical Research Council (MRC). Consulting and/or advisory boards for AbbVie, Cannovex, Chordate Medical, Eli Lilly, H. Lundbeck A/S, Sanofi, Teva. Lectures/speaking/educational events: Chordate Medical, MD-Horizonte, H. Lundbeck A/S, Pfizer, Teva. Manuscript writing/associate editor work: NEJM Journal Watch, Oxford University Press, Quintessence Publishing, Sage Publishing, Springer Healthcare. Data Monitoring Committee: Chordate Medical. Advisory Board: AbbVie, Chordate Medical, Eli Lilly, H. Lundbeck A/S, Teva. Past Member of the Board of Trustees of the International Headache Society. Past Council Member and Treasurer of the British Association for the Study of Headache. Past Associate Editor for Cephalalgia, Cephalalgia Reports, Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache. Associate Editor for Journal of Headache and Pain, Frontiers in Pain Research. Stock options for Chordate Medical.Luigi Francesco Iannone: IHS junior grant. Consulting fees, Eli-Lilly, AbbVie. Honoraria, Eli-Lilly, AbbVie, Pfizer, TEVA, ORGANON. Meeting attendance support, TEVA, Lundbeck, Eli-Lilly.Bronwyn Jenkins : Honoraria, Allergan/AbbVie, Eli Lilly, GPCE, HealthEd, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Teva. Leadership, Immediate Past President of the Australian and New Zealand Headache Society.Alejandro Labastida-Ramírez: Grants, ALR was supported by a fellowship from the Migraine Trust.Morris Levin: Royalties, Oxford University Press $600. Advisory boards $6000. Expert testimony, $5000. Board of Directors Headache Cooperative of the Pacific Unpaid.Edoardo Mampreso: Honoraria, AbbVie, Elli-Lilly, TEVA, Pfizer, Lundbeck. Meeting attendance support, AbbVie, Elli-Lilly, TEVA, Pfizer, Lundbeck.Daniele Martinelli: LSC LifeSciences Consultants. Honoraria, AbbVie, Lundbeck.Teshamae S. Monteith: Grants from AbbVie, Amgen Site PI: Rehaler, AbbVie, Ipsen, Eli Lilly. Consulting fees, Pfizer, AbbVie, Merz. Honoraria, Medscape, American Headache Society, American Academy of Neurology. Novartis, Massachusetts Medical Society. Advisory boards, Teva, Pfizer, AbbVie, eNeura, LinPharma. Leadership: IHS Board of Trustee, Florida Society of Neurology, American Headache Society, American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, Editorial Boards: Cephalalgia, Neurology, Brain and Life Magazine, American Migraine Foundation, Continuum Audio.Aynur Özge: Consulting fees, AbbVie, Drogsan, ABdi İbrahim. Honoraria, AbbVie, Drogsan, ABdi İbrahim. President of Global Migraine and Pain Society, President of Mersin Alzheimer Society, Board member of IHS.Mario F. P. Peres: Consulting fees, AbbVie, Pfizer, Lundbeck, Eurofarma, Libbs, Teva, Lilly. Honoraria, AbbVie, Pfizer, Lundbeck, Eurofarma, Libbs, Teva, Lilly. Patents, BR 10 2020 020706–7 US 11,826,177 B2. Advisory boards, AbbVie, Pfizer, Lundbeck, Eurofarma, Teva. Leadership, IHS, ABRACES.Marcio Nattan Portes Souza: Honoraria, Libbs, TEVA, Pfizer, Allergan/AbbVie, Lundbeck. Funding for traveling by TEVA. Advisory boards, Pfizer, TEVA, Libbs.Patricia Pozo-Rosich: Her research group has received research grants from AbbVie, Novartis and Teva; as well as, Instituto Salud Carlos III, EraNet Neuron, European Regional Development Fund (001-P-001682) under the framework of the FEDER Operative Programme for Catalunya 2014–2020 - RIS3CAT; has received funding for clinical trials from AbbVie, Amgen, Biohaven, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Teva. Received, in the last 36 months, honoraria as a consultant for: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Medscape, Novartis, Pfizer and Teva. Received, in the last three years, honoraria as a speaker for: AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer and Teva. Norwegian Clinical Trial driven by the investigator. She is the Honorary Secretary of the International Headache Society. She is on the editorial board of Revista de Neurologia. She is an associate editor for Cephalalgia, Headache, Neurologia, The Journal of Headache and Pain and Frontiers of Neurology. She is a member of the Clinical Trials Guidelines Committee of the International Headache Society. She has edited the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Headache of the Spanish Neurological Society.Maria Pia Prudenzano: Consulting fees, Allergan, Pfizer, Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Teva. Honoraria, AbbVie, Allergan, Eli-Lilly, Idorsia, Italfarmaco, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Teva, Valeas. Meeting attendance support, Idorsia, Lilly, Lundbeck, Teva. Advisory boards, Allergan, Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Teva. Leadership, Italian Society for the Study of Headache (SISC), Italian Society of Neurology,Innocenzo Rainero: Honoraria, Pfizer, Eli Lilly Italy, Teva. Support for meeting attendance, AbbVie. Advisory board, Pfizer, Volodymyr Romanenko: Ukrainian Headache Research Society, President.Antonio Russo: Honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events (in the past 36 months) from Ely-Lilly, AbbVie, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer. Support for attending meetings and/or travel (past 36 months) from Ely-Lilly, AbbVie, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Lundbeck. Participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board (past 36 months) from Ely-Lilly, AbbVie, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer. Specialty Chief Editor for Headache and Neurogenic Pain Frontiers in Neurology. Member of executive board of the Italian Headache Society (S.I.S.C.).Grazia Sances: Honoraria for presentations, speakers bureaus or educational events from Novartis, Eli Lilly, Teva, Lundbeck, Pfizer. Participation on Advisory Board for Novartis, Eli Lilly, Teva, Lundbeck, Pfizer. Support for attending meetings and/or travel by Novartis, Eli Lilly, Teva, Lundbeck. Member of executive board of the Italian Headache Society (S.I.S.C.).Paola Sarchielli: Presentation and moderations for Eli-Lilly and Lundbeck. Annual congress of SISC and for Florence Symposium on CGRP (2022, 2023). Leadership, Didactic Leader for High School of Headache of SISC Italian society.Todd J. Schwedt: In the prior 24 months, TJS has received personal compensation for consulting with AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Satsuma, Scilex, and Theranica, royalties from UpToDate, and has held stock options in Aural Analytics and Nocira. Research grants have been received from American Heart Association, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Headache Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, Spark Neuro, and United States Department of Defense.Marcello Silvestro: Speaker honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer, Allergan, Teva and Lilly.Alessandro Tessitore: I have received honoraria for lectures and speakers bureaus from AbbVie, Everpharma, Bial, Lusofarmaco, Zambon. Expert testimony, I have received support from Bial, AbbVie, Zambon. I serve as associate Editor for the European Journal of Neurology.Mansoureh Togha: I received support from the European Headache Federation for accommodation and travel tickets to attend EHC 2022 as a scientific committee member. I am the president of the Iranian Headache Association.Gloria Vaghi: Honoraria for educational event from Lundbeck.Shuu-Jiun Wang: For this manuscript received research grants from the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan, Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan Headache Society and Taiwan branches of Eli Lilly, Novartis and Orient Europharma. Received honoraria as a moderator from AbbVie, Biogen, Eli-Lilly, Hava Biopharma, and Pfizer . Received consulting fees from AbbVie, Eli-Lilly Taiwan, Percept Co., and Pfizer Taiwan, and has been the PI in trials sponsored by Eli-Lilly, Lundbeck, and Novartis.Messoud Ashina: For this manuscript, Institutional grants from Lundbeck Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Lundbeck, and Novartis. In the past 24 months, MA has received personal compensation for consulting with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Associate Editor of The Journal of Headache and Pain, Associate Editor of Brain.Cristina Tassorelli: Institutional fees for conducting clinical trials for AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Consulting fees from AbbVie, Dompé, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceuticals. Associate Editor Cephalalgia. Past-President of IHS.Simona Sacco: For this manuscript, Novartis, Uriach. Royalties, Abbott, Allergan-AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boheringer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Teva. Consulting fees, Abbott, Allergan-AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boheringer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, MedScape, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Teva. Expert testimony, Abbott, Allergan-AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boheringer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Pfizer, Teva, Bayer, Medtronic, Starmed, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo. Patents, Allergan-AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva. Leadership, President-elect European Stroke Organization, Editor-in-Chief Cephalalgia and Cephalalgia Reports, assistant editor for Stroke.Alessia Bellotti, Francesco Casillo, Ilenia Corbelli, Adriana Fallacara, Kimberly N. Garces, Eva-Maria Huessler, Mona Hussein, Anna Laporta, Antonino Lupica, Ilaria Orologio, Li-Ling Hope Pan, Lavindren Luke Panneerchelvam, Silvia Quattrocchi, Marina Romozzi, Diego Belandrino Swerts. No conflict of interest to disclose.

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Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine

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Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of migraine

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