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Review
. 2025 Apr 13;14(4):412.
doi: 10.3390/biology14040412.

The Extremophiles: Adaptation Mechanisms and Biotechnological Applications

Gorji Marzban  1 , Donatella Tesei  2
Affiliations
Review

The Extremophiles: Adaptation Mechanisms and Biotechnological Applications

Gorji Marzban et al. Biology (Basel). .

Abstract

This review provides an overview of terrestrial extremophiles, highlighting their adaptive strengths and strategies for coping with environmental challenges through the use of specialized proteins. It also explores why their unique lifestyle and ability to adapt to extreme conditions have become a major focus of research, as well as the main benefits and advancements in the study of these organisms in recent decades. This review aims to present an objective summary of the knowledge acquired and its translation into applied science and biotechnological applications.

Keywords: anti-freezing proteins; cryoprotection; eukaryotic and prokaryotic extremophile; extreme biotechnology; extreme pressure; extremozymes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of extremophiles, their environmental niches, stress adaptation mechanisms, and biotechnological applications.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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