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Review
. 2025 Apr 18;17(8):1356.
doi: 10.3390/cancers17081356.

Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) in Gynecologic Cancers: A Scoping Review

Evrim Erdemoglu  1   2 , Stuart A Ostby  3 , Sanjanaa Senthilkumar  4 , Amanika Kumar  3 , Sujay A Vora  5 , Longwen Chen  6 , Sarah E James  5 , Kristina A Butler  1
Affiliations
Review

Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) in Gynecologic Cancers: A Scoping Review

Evrim Erdemoglu et al. Cancers (Basel). .

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to analyze the current literature for IORT in gynecological cancers and summarized clinical outcomes regarding patient selection.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted utilizing PUBMED, Embase, and CINAHL to identify studies following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A PICOS structure was utilized: population: patients with epithelial gynecological cancers; intervention: IORT; C: a comparator was not required, as we aimed to analyze patient selection; outcome: clinical outcomes and overall survival; and S: experimental and quasi-experimental analytical observational studies and descriptive observational studies, excluding case series published in English and limited to the last 10 years. Data extraction was conducted for patient selection, IORT, oncological outcomes, and morbidity.

Results: A total of 707 results were identified, and 509 studies were uploaded to Covidence for screening after removing duplications. Of the 21 eligible studies, 9 were included in the final review. The total number of patients included was 348. The studies were retrospective single-institution studies, except for one. There was significant heterogeneity in their design and protocols. IORT was exclusively used for recurrent and advanced stage gynecological cancers adjunct to pelvic exenteration or laterally extended endopelvic resections with variable indications across institutions. The mean number of IORT patients per study was 2.8 per year. Survival rates were variable and dependent on the surgical margin. Endometrial cancer had a favorable outcome compared to vulvar and cervical cancers.

Conclusions: Current clinical practice, as demonstrated by the research, is consistent with NCCN guidelines that endorse the application of IORT in instances of recurrent cervical, vaginal, and vulvar malignancies; however, there are no established recommendations for primary tumors. The analysis shows that there are gaps in our knowledge, mainly regarding the status of the margins, the criteria used to choose patients, and the outcomes that are specific to each histology. The standardization of protocols and prospectively powered studies are needed to refine patient selection criteria.

Keywords: IORT; LEER; cervical cancer; disease-free survival; endometrial cancer; intraoperative radiotherapy; laterally extended pelvic exenteration; ovarian cancer; overall survival; pelvic exenteration; surgical margin; tumor size; vaginal cancer; vulvar cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA-ScR flowchart.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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