The Intersection of Sarcopenia and Musculoskeletal Pain: Addressing Interconnected Challenges in Aging Care

Abstract

The global aging population faces a growing prevalence of sarcopenia and musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, two interrelated conditions that diminish physical function, quality of life, and independence in older adults. Sarcopenia, characterized by the loss of muscle strength, mass, and function, often coexists with MSK pain, with emerging evidence suggesting that each condition may contribute to the progression of the other. This perspective explores the bidirectional relationship between sarcopenia and MSK pain, highlighting shared mechanisms, including inactivity, cellular aging, chronic inflammation, gender-related hormonal changes, and psychosocial factors such as depression and social isolation, which underlie the mutual exacerbation between conditions. Through a multidisciplinary framework, the article emphasizes integrating care across specialties to address these interconnected conditions. Practical approaches, including comprehensive screening protocols, tailored resistance exercise, and nutritional support, are discussed alongside innovative hybrid care models combining in-person and telemedicine systems to enhance accessibility and continuity of care. A call to action is presented for clinicians, policymakers, and researchers to adopt collaborative strategies, prioritize investment in integrated healthcare, and bridge critical knowledge gaps. By reframing care delivery and advancing multidisciplinary efforts, this perspective aims to effectively address the complex challenges posed by the intersection of sarcopenia and MSK pain in older adults.

Keywords: aging population; integrated healthcare; multidisciplinary care; musculoskeletal pain; sarcopenia.

Figure 1

Bidirectional relationship between musculoskeletal (MSK) pain and sarcopenia. The diagram illustrates the cyclical consequences arising from each condition, along with shared sociodemographic risk factors, biological mechanisms, and psychosocial mediators that perpetuate the interplay. Although not depicted within the diagram, systemic health complications—such as cardiometabolic disorders, insulin resistance, and increased fat mass—may also act as downstream consequences and feedback factors that indirectly exacerbate both conditions.