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. 2025 May-Jun;39(3):1220-1236.
doi: 10.21873/invivo.13927.

Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Body Fat, Skeletal Muscle Mass, and Body Mass Index in Individuals ≥45 Years Old: A Systematic Review

Jessica Gutiérrez-Nájera  1 , Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez  2
Affiliations

Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Body Fat, Skeletal Muscle Mass, and Body Mass Index in Individuals ≥45 Years Old: A Systematic Review

Jessica Gutiérrez-Nájera et al. In Vivo. 2025 May-Jun.

Abstract

Background/aim: Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Several studies have shown the positive effects on body fat, muscle mass, and body mass index (BMI) in young adults and athletes; however, the results in adults aged ≥45 years are not conclusive.

Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, analyzing studies up to December 10, 2024, from nine databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELO, Springer, Redalyc, Cochrane Library and TESIUNAM). Mean differences (MD) were estimated using RevMan V 5.4.1. software.

Results: Six hundred and sixty-six studies were identified, of which 15 met the eligibility criteria. A statistically significant decrease in fat mass (%) was found in two studies and in fat mass (kg) in another two studies. Likewise, one study reported a statistically significant increase in skeletal muscle mass.

Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation may have a beneficial effect on reducing body fat mass and increasing or preventing skeletal muscle mass loss in adults ≥45 years old; however, further clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal types, doses, and duration of probiotic treatment for best results.

Keywords: Probiotics; aging; body fat; body mass index; muscle mass; review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, publication decision, or manuscript preparation.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram on the selection of studies included.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk analysis of bias and methodological quality per domain and author.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk analysis of bias and methodological quality per domain and author.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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