Yellow Jack: a modern threat to Asia-Pacific countries?

Duane J Gubler¹, Kathryn A Hanley², Thomas P Monath³, David M Morens⁴, Mauricio Lacerda Nogueira^{5

6}, Nikos Vasilakis^{7

8

9

10}, Scott C Weaver^{11

12

13}; Yellow Fever Advisory Group

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Yellow Fever Advisory Group:
Jens H Kuhn, Charles H Calisher, Esper G Kallas, Scott B Halstead, Stephen Higgs, Laura D Kramer, Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo, Robert B Tesh, Andrew F Van den Hurk

Affiliations

¹ Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. Duane.Gubler@duke-nus.edu.sg.
² Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
³ Quigley BioPharma, Leominster, MA, USA.
⁴ Chester, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
⁶ Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
⁷ Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
⁸ Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
⁹ Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
¹⁰ World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
¹¹ Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹² World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.

PMID: 40295840
PMCID: PMC12022128
DOI: 10.1038/s44298-024-00079-5

Review

Yellow Jack: a modern threat to Asia-Pacific countries?

Duane J Gubler et al. Npj Viruses. 2025.

. 2025 Apr 24;3(1):34.

doi: 10.1038/s44298-024-00079-5.

Authors

Duane J Gubler¹, Kathryn A Hanley², Thomas P Monath³, David M Morens⁴, Mauricio Lacerda Nogueira^{5

6}, Nikos Vasilakis^{7

8

9

10}, Scott C Weaver^{11

12

13}; Yellow Fever Advisory Group

Collaborators

Yellow Fever Advisory Group:
Jens H Kuhn, Charles H Calisher, Esper G Kallas, Scott B Halstead, Stephen Higgs, Laura D Kramer, Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo, Robert B Tesh, Andrew F Van den Hurk

Affiliations

¹ Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. Duane.Gubler@duke-nus.edu.sg.
² Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
³ Quigley BioPharma, Leominster, MA, USA.
⁴ Chester, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Laboratórios de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
⁶ Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
⁷ Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
⁸ Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
⁹ Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
¹⁰ World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. nivasila@utmb.edu.
¹¹ Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹² World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹³ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.

PMID: 40295840
PMCID: PMC12022128
DOI: 10.1038/s44298-024-00079-5

Abstract

In 1923, H.R. Carter published a seminal treatise on the possibility of yellow fever virus spreading to the Asia Pacific region, where large numbers of susceptible people were at risk of infection. This paper marks the 100th anniversary of that publication, and posits that, despite many public health advances, global trends increase the likelihood of yellow fever virus geographic spread. Potential reasons for the failure of the virus to spread are discussed.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: M.L.N. is now an associate editor of the journal, which occurred well after the original submission of the manuscript for peer review.

Figures

**Fig. 1. An early illustration in print media related to yellow fever.**
Cover image in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, published on September 21, 1878, in New York, NY. The caption read “SHALL WE LET HIM IN? Mr. Mayor and gentlemen of the Board of Aldermen, the answer rests with you.”. The figure depicts a sailor coming ashore at New York City’s port with yellow fever. The caption signifies the efforts of the time to contain the import and spread of the virus.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. World Health Organization. ICD-11—International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision. The global standard for diagnostic health information. https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en (2024).
1. Monath, T. P. & Vasconcelos, P. F. C. Yellow fever. J. Clin. Virol.64, 160–173 (2015). - PubMed
1. Postler, T. S. et al. Renaming of the genus Flavivirus to Orthoflavivirus and extension of binomial species names within the family Flaviviridae. Arch. Virol.168, 224 (2023). - PubMed
1. Haddow, A. J., Dick, G. W., Lumsden, W. H. & Smithburn, K. C. Monkeys in relation to the epidemiology of yellow fever in Uganda. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.45, 189–224 (1951). - PubMed
1. Powell, J. R. & Tabachnick, W. J. History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti-a review. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz108(Suppl 1), 11–17 (2013). - PMC - PubMed

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Yellow Jack: a modern threat to Asia-Pacific countries?

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Yellow Jack: a modern threat to Asia-Pacific countries?

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Conflict of interest statement

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