Cost-effectiveness analysis of targeted-release formulation of budesonide (Tarpeyo) in conjunction with optimized renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (RASi) therapy relative to optimized RASi therapy alone for adults with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy in the United States

Abstract

Background: Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a rare autoimmune disease that often leads to end-stage renal disease. The goal of treatment is to reduce disease progression so that patients are less likely to develop kidney failure in their natural lifetime. Recent clinical trial results show that Tarpeyo, a targeted-release formulation of budesonide designed to deliver the drug directly to gut-associated lymphoid tissue, reduces estimated glomerular filtration rate loss, potentially modifying the disease and thus prolonging the time to kidney failure.

Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of Tarpeyo in conjunction with optimized renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (RASi) therapy relative to optimized RASi therapy alone in US adult patients with primary IgAN.

Methods: A cost-utility approach is taken based on the full dataset from the phase 3 NefIgArd clinical trial. A semi-Markov model was developed with a lifetime horizon, encompassing both the US commercial payer and societal perspectives. The model architecture incorporated 9 health states, reflecting varying degrees of disease severity and mortality. Transition probabilities between health states were determined by a robust regression analysis of individual patient-level data obtained from the NefIgArd clinical trial and supplemented with data from literature. In the base-case analysis, treatment effect was assumed to be continuously maintained over the model time horizon (lifetime) and treatment was reapplied every 2 years. Treatment cost, adverse event management, dialysis, transplantation, mortality costs, and indirect costs were considered.

Results: Tarpeyo + optimized RASi was found to be dominant compared with optimized RASi alone from the perspective of a US third-party commercial payer, ie, cost saving ($105 729) with concurrent quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gains of 1.12. The base-case results show that Tarpeyo is dominant when retreatment occurs every 2 years, with the treatment benefit assumed to be maintained over the same period throughout the model. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the base-case results, showing that Tarpeyo plus optimized RASi is cost saving if benefits are sustained for at least 3 years. The treatment demonstrated high probabilities of cost-effectiveness at willingness-to-pay thresholds of less than $100K and less than $150K per QALY.

Conclusions: Clinical trials suggest that adding Tarpeyo to optimized RASi can help preserve kidney function by reducing estimated glomerular filtration rate loss in patients with IgAN. This addition was estimated to produce a greater QALY gain and reduced overall net costs from the payer and societal perspective in the United States.

FIGURE 1

Model Structure

FIGURE 2

Estimated CKD 5 Cumulative Incidence Within 10 Years

FIGURE 3

Cost-Effectiveness Plane of Probabilistic Cost per QALY ICERs (A) and Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curve (Net-Benefit Approach) (B)