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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Apr 29;25(1):634.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11038-7.

The burden and predictors of hospital-acquired infection in intensive care units across Sub-Sahara Africa: systematic review and metanalysis

Ousman Adal  1 , Yeshimebet Tamir Tsehay  2 , Birhanu Ayenew  3 , Teshager Woldegiyorgis Abate  4 , Gebrehiwot Berie Mekonnen  5 , Sileshi Mulatu  6 , Sosina Tamre Mamo  7 , Temesgen Ayenew  8 , Mengistu Abebe Messelu  8 , Asnake Gashaw Belayneh  7
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

The burden and predictors of hospital-acquired infection in intensive care units across Sub-Sahara Africa: systematic review and metanalysis

Ousman Adal et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) refers to an infection that occurs during hospitalization and typically manifests 48 h after admission. Evidence suggests that the prevalence of HAIs in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is significantly higher compared to other regions. These infections remain a major concern in low-income countries, contributing to elevated morbidity and mortality rates. This study aimed to assess the burden and identify predictors of HAIs in intensive care units (ICUs) across SSA.

Methods: This review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Africa Index Medicus, ScienceDirect, HINARI, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published in English. This systematic review encompasses 44 articles published between 2003 and 2024, with the majority (22 articles) published recently between 2020 and 2024. The actual database search was conducted between January 1, 2025, and February 1, 2025. Articles irrelevant to this study's objectives, those without abstracts or full texts, unpublished reports, editorials, studies that did not clearly define outcomes, and studies written in languages other than English were excluded. The analysis was conducted using Stata version 17. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO under the registration number CRD 63,194,923,892. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and data extraction followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.

Results: A total of 44 primary samples were included in this meta-analysis. Using the random effect DerSimonian model, we showed that the pooled prevalence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in intensive care units was 28.22% (95% CI: 23.61-32.81). Determinants of HAIs in the intensive care units included neonatal or advanced age (> 50 years), intubation, trauma, surgery, presence of comorbidities, catheterization, prolonged hospital stay, and HIV-positive status.

Conclusion and recommendations: Individuals in extreme age groups, those with chronic diseases or immunocompromised conditions, and patients with specific risk factors (e.g., catheterization, prolonged hospitalization) were more prone to HAIs. Strengthening the quality of care and implementing effective infection control measures are recommended to reduce the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in sub-Saharan Africa.

Keywords: Hospital-acquired infection; Intensive care unit; Prevalence.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: The ethical declaration is not applicable because this is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Consent to participate: Not applicable, it is a systematic review and metanalysis. Consent to publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow chart showing the sequence of study selection using the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for new systematic reviews, which included searches of databases, registers, and other sources
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot eliciting the prevalence of HAI in the ICU across Sub-Saharan Africa, 2025
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Funnel plot illustrating asymmetric distribution of 44 studies for pooled prevalence of HAI in the intensive care unit
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Sensitivity analysis for the prevalence of HAI in the intensive care unit 2025
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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