Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Apr 29;19(1):47.
doi: 10.1186/s13034-025-00898-1.

Emotion regulation beyond executive and attention difficulties: impact on daily life impairments in community adolescents

Elena Poznyak  1 , Martin Debbané  2   3
Affiliations

Emotion regulation beyond executive and attention difficulties: impact on daily life impairments in community adolescents

Elena Poznyak et al. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. .

Abstract

Background: It is becoming widely recognized that emotion regulation difficulties are an essential feature present along the continuum from subclinical to clinical Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Yet, it remains unclear whether and how specific processes related to emotion regulation contribute to daily life impairments, across different domains of functioning. The aim of this cross-sectional study in community adolescents was to investigate whether three processes commonly implicated in adaptive emotion regulation-emotion recognition, emotion reactivity and use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies-uniquely contribute to adolescent-rated functional impairment, above and beyond the effects of age and gender, ADHD symptoms, and individual differences in verbal ability and executive functions.

Methods: 161 adolescents from the general population (mean age = 15.57; SD = 1.61) completed the Weiss Functional Impairment Scale, the Emotion Reactivity Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Geneva Emotion Recognition Test. Hierarchical regression analysis examined the unique contributions of candidate predictors to impairment scores.

Results: Total impairment scores were best predicted by older age, inattention symptoms, higher emotion reactivity, and higher use of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Emotion regulation processes were associated with interpersonal difficulties and self-concept impairments, whereas inattention symptoms were associated with school and life skills impairments.

Conclusions: This study stresses that emotion reactivity and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation represent major sources of perceived social and emotional difficulties in community adolescents. Our results also support the continuum hypothesis of attention difficulties, where emotion regulation abilities may at least partially explain the association between ADHD symptoms and social impairments. Together, these findings highlight the vital importance of targeting emotion regulation in psychotherapeutic interventions aiming to improve socio-emotional outcomes in adolescents.

Keywords: ADHD; Adolescence; Emotion reactivity; Emotion regulation; Functional impairment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the University of Geneva Ethics Committee (Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences). All participants and their legal representatives gave written informed consent before participating in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

    1. Sibley MH, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Hechtman LT, Kennedy TM, Owens E, et al. Variable patterns of remission from ADHD in the multimodal treatment study of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(2):142–51. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Biederman J, Petty CR, Clarke A, Lomedico A, Faraone SV. Predictors of persistent ADHD: an 11-year follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(2):150–5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weiss MD, McBride NM, Craig S, Jensen P. Conceptual review of measuring functional impairment: findings from the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale. BMJ Ment Health. 2018;21(4):155–64. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Morris S, Sheen J, Ling M, Foley D, Sciberras E. Interventions for adolescents with ADHD to improve peer social functioning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Atten Disord. 2021;25(10):1479–96. - PubMed
    1. McQuade JD, Hoza B. Peer problems in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Current status and future directions. Dev Disab Res Rev. 2008;14(4):320–4. - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources