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. 2024 May 6:2024:3315678.
doi: 10.1155/2024/3315678. eCollection 2024.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Pigeons in China

Yuhua Zhang  1 , Zheng Lu  1 , Haoyu Zhao  1 , Shuangyu Li  1 , Hong Zhuang  1 , Juan Wang  1 , Ruichao Li  2 , Weibo Zheng  3 , Hongwei Zhu  3 , Peng Xie  1 , Yibin Hu  1 , Caiyuan Zhou  1 , Qian Mao  1 , Leilei Sun  1 , Shanshan Li  1 , Wenhui Wang  1 , Fang Wang  1 , Wei Pan  4 , Chengbao Wang  1
Affiliations

Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Pigeons in China

Yuhua Zhang et al. Transbound Emerg Dis. .

Abstract

Salmonellosis is one of the important bacterial infectious diseases affecting the health of pigeons. Heretofore, the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella in pigeon populations in China remain largely unclear. The present study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and genomic characteristics of Salmonella isolates in pigeons in different regions of China from 2022 to 2023. Thirty-two Salmonella isolates were collected and subjected to 24 different antimicrobial agents, representing nine categories. The results showed that these isolates were highly resistant to cefazolin (100%), gentamicin (100%), tobramycin (100%), and amikacin (100%). Three or more types of antimicrobial resistance were present in 90.62% of the isolates, indicating multidrug resistance. Furthermore, using whole genome sequencing technology, we analyzed the profiles of serotypes, multilocus sequence typing, virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance genes, and plasmid replicons and constructed phylogenetic genomics to determine the epidemiological correlation among these isolates. All strains belonged to Salmonella Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and exhibited five antimicrobial resistance genes and more than 150 Salmonella virulence genes. Moreover, each isolate contained both the IncFIB(S) and IncFII(S) plasmids. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates were very close to each other, and isolates from the same region clustered in the same branch. Overall, our findings provide the first evidence for the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella in pigeons of China, highlighting the importance of preventing salmonellosis in pigeons.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of sampling locations in eight provinces and regions of China.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of Salmonella isolates studied according to sampling year, province, host, sequence type, and serotype.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility (a) and distribution of multiple resistance among the studied Salmonella isolates (b). Abbreviations: AMP, ampicillin; PIP, piperacillin; TCC, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid; SAM, ampicillin/sulbactam; TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam; MEM, meropenem; ETP, ertapenem; IPM, imipenem; DOR, doripenem; CZO, cefazolin; FEP, cefepime; CAZ, ceftazidime; CRO, ceftriaxone; GEN, gentamicin; AMK, amikacin; TOB, tobramycin; TET, tetracycline; MIN, minocycline; TGC, tigecycline; CIP, ciprofloxacin; LVX, levofloxacin; TMS, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; NIT, nitrofurantoin; and ATM, aztreonam.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phylogenetic tree and statistical combination of 32 strains of Salmonella from pigeons in China based on SNP analysis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Heatmap of tree hierarchical clustering of virulence genes and isolated strains. This figure shows the prediction of the virulence gene profile of the studied isolates. The x-axis shows the isolate ID numbers, and the y-axis shows the identified selected virulence genes. Blue cells indicate the presence of a gene; gray cells indicate the absence of a gene.
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