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. 2025 Apr 29;15(17):13712-13727.
doi: 10.1039/d5ra01156f. eCollection 2025 Apr 22.

Synergistic efficiency of modified banana leaf derived cellulose-g-C3N4 hybrid composite: a sustainable approach for visible-light-driven photodegradation of dyes

Priyanka P Mishra  1 , Diptiranjan Behera  1 , Sushree Suman  1 , Nigamananda Das  1 , Bankim C Tripathy  2 , Jagadish Kumar  3 , Ajaya K Behera  1
Affiliations

Synergistic efficiency of modified banana leaf derived cellulose-g-C3N4 hybrid composite: a sustainable approach for visible-light-driven photodegradation of dyes

Priyanka P Mishra et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

The adverse effects on human health and water supplies due to widespread use of dyes including methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B necessitate their removal. Photocatalytic decontamination offers an alternative method which is cost effective and ecofriendly compared to other costly dye removal processes. The combination of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cellulose from readily available modified banana leaves (MBLC) has not been explored for color degradation. The present work investigates the application of a promising g-C3N4-MBLC composite for the photocatalytic removal of methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes. The two-component hybrid composite was synthesized utilizing the one-pot in situ thermal polymerization techniques. Furthermore, multiple analytical methods were exploited to comprehensively assess the structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized g-C3N4-cellulose hybrid composite. The composites exhibited photocatalytic activity, successfully degrading 93.35% of RhB and 92.06% (30 mg L-1) of MB dyes within 120 minutes under visible irradiation. Analysis of scavenging effects indicated that ˙O2 - and h+ radicals were the primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the photodegradation of the dyes. Additionally, the synthesized composite showed excellent reusability, maintaining 81% efficiency after five consecutive cycles, highlighting its potential for practical applications, particularly in pollutant removal.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. (a) Extraction of cellulose, (b) synthesis of binary g-C3N4/C-MBLC composite.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. (a) XRD pattern and (b) FTIR analysis of g-C3N4, MBLC, and g-C3N4/MBLC.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. XPS scan of (a) N 1s and (b) C 1s and (c) O 1s.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Optimized geometry of (a) g-C3N4 and (b) g-C3N4/C-MBLC composite and (c) interaction between g-C3N4 and MBLC.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Graphical representation of changes in HOMO–LUMO gaps, HOMO and LUMO of g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/C-MBLC composite.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. SEM morphological analysis of (a) MBLC (b) g-C3N4 (c) g-C3N4/C-MBLC (d) EDS of g-C3N4/C-MBLC and (e–g) elemental mapping of g-C3N4/C-MBLC (C, N and O).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. (a) UV-vis-DRS, and (b) PL of the as-synthesized g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/C-MBLC composite.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. (a and b) Adsorption of RhB and MB dyes onto g-C3N4/C-MBLC, (c) Linear plot of Langmuir isotherm model, and (d and e) Linear plots of pseudo-first-order kinetic models respectively at different initial dye concentrations.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9. (a and b) Comparative photodegradation analysis of RhB and MB dyes using g-C3N4, MBLC, and g-C3N4/C-MBLC at 30 PPM CONC. (c and d) Effect of illumination time and at different initial dye concentrations by g-C3N4/C-MBLC respectively.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10. (a and b) UV-vis spectra along with the inset image (c and d) kinetics profile graph of RhB and MB dyes using g-C3N4/C-MBLC.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11. GC-MS analysis of photodegradation of (a and b) RhB and (c and d) MB by g-C3N4/C-MBLC.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12. (a) Scavenging activity (b) plausible mechanism (c) recyclability (d) PXRD assessment using g-C3N4/C-MBLC composite.
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