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. 2025 Apr 30;197(5):614.
doi: 10.1007/s10661-025-13942-6.

Spatiotemporal hazard assessment of municipal solid waste dumps through improved satellite-based indicators

Misbah Noureen  1   2 , Khalid Mahmood  3   4 , Sajid Rashid Ahmad  1
Affiliations

Spatiotemporal hazard assessment of municipal solid waste dumps through improved satellite-based indicators

Misbah Noureen et al. Environ Monit Assess. .

Abstract

To investigate the seasonal and temporal variations of environmental impacts surrounding the municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping site in Bahawalpur, the study accomplished spatiotemporal analysis for three satellite-based indicators: bio indicators (B-Is), thermal indicators (T-I), and moisture indicators (M-I) over 7 years of data acquired using a space-based platform from 2015 to 2021. The average annual expansions of bio-, thermal-, and moisture-influenced zones are 1114, 1158, and 1129 m with severity range averages to 0.07, 2.96, and 0.07 respectively. The seasonal averages of bio-influenced zone are 1341, 1277, 1151, 1103, 1044, and 779 m; thermal-influenced zones are 1163, 1391,1433, 790, 1376, and 797 m; moisture-influenced zone are 1361, 1312, 1125, 1028 1148, and 803 m as found in wet summer, monsoon, winter I, winter II, spring, and dry summer respectively. The analysis discovers that bio- and moisture-influenced zones are dependent on meteorological conditions; however, seasonal temperature variations affect the thermal influence zone. In addition, both the Mann-Kendall test and innovative trend analysis have been used to find trends. The importance of SRS data as an alternative for costly and time-consuming in situ datasets has been verified by the present investigation. Consequently, in order to address the problem of environmental degradation, the proposed research will be beneficial in a variety of waste management domains, such as the location of engineered waste disposal facilities and contamination monitoring of different locations adjacent to the dumping sites.

Keywords: Google Earth Engine; MSW dumps; Satellite-based indicators; Spatiotemporal techniques; Vegetation health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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