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. 2025 Apr 16:13:1519467.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1519467. eCollection 2025.

Child opinions related to a core outcome set for school-based healthy lifestyle behavior interventions: the COCOS study

Teatske M Altenburg  1   2 , Lotte W de Vries  1   2 , Kheana Barbeau  3 , Alyssa Button  4 , Ashley Cox  5 , Louise de Lannoy  6 , Mhairi MacDonald  7 , Rowena Naidoo  8 , Amanda E Staiano  4 , Mark S Tremblay  6 , Deirdre M Harrington  9   10
Affiliations

Child opinions related to a core outcome set for school-based healthy lifestyle behavior interventions: the COCOS study

Teatske M Altenburg et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Introduction: Including children's perspectives developing health programs is a priority. This study gathered children's perspectives on outcomes in a Core Outcomes Set (COS), which they believe are important to measure in school-based healthy lifestyle behavioral interventions.

Methods: Children aged 8-12 years from six countries across three continents participated in standardized interactive focus groups. An animation video was used to explain all relevant concepts (e.g., "intervention", "outcomes") and showed animated children engaging in a variety of lifestyle behaviors at school. Participating children then brainstormed and proposed outcomes they consider important to measure when evaluating a school-based "healthy lifestyle programme". Next, children individually rated the importance of the outcomes using a traffic light system (red, "not important"; orange, "important"; green, "very important"). Similar outcomes (across focus groups and countries) were merged, and an overall importance rating was given to each outcome (across countries and overall). An outcome was considered important for inclusion in a COS if ≥70% of children scored the outcome as "very important" and <15% scored it as "not important".

Results: Children (n = 159) proposed 170 unique outcomes. Children proposed thirty-six outcomes in at least two countries, of which 20 outcomes received an overall rating of "very important" in all countries where the outcomes were reported. Of these 20, five outcomes were reported by children in at least four countries: being healthy, healthy diet, concentration, having fun, and feeling happy.

Conclusion: Children reported a wide range of outcomes related to physical and mental health, as well as enjoyment and social skills, such as having fun and making friends. All outcomes reported by children in at least two countries and considered "very important" will be considered for inclusion in the consensus stage of developing a COS for school-based intervention studies aimed at childhood overweight and obesity prevention.

Keywords: children's perspectives; importance ratings; international; obesity prevention; outcomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Total number of outcomes* reported by children in each of the participating country, after merging similar outcomes per country. *Numbers in green represent outcomes that were rated by children as “very important”, in orange as “important” and in red as “not important”.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Number of countries reporting outcomes that were reported by children in at least two out of six participating countries, after merging similar outcomes per country, and importance ratings of counties that reported the outcomea. *Indicates outcome was overall rated as “very important”. aNumbers in green represent outcomes that were rated by children as “very important”, in orange as “important” and in red as “not important”.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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